秦「均佐史」「冗佐史」與官吏調配

Jun Zuo Shi均佐史and Rong Zuo Shi冗佐史in the Qin Dynasty and the Transfer of Officials

秦統一前後的政治地理結構，由中縣道、關外郡、故徼和新地組成。故徼、新地屬於「邊緣統治區」，其官吏以外調為主。據《嶽麓簡肆》第278-279簡，「冗佐史」和「均佐史」是外調官吏的兩個基本類型。「均佐史」指因「坐課及坐它物」而被「均」至偏遠地區任職的佐、史。「均」指調度、調配，即將人員、物資等從充足地區調配至貧乏地區。中縣道、關外郡的佐、史可「均」至故徼、新地，故徼的佐、史可「均」至偏遠故徼，新地的佐、史因存在約定服務期限，故不再「均」至他地，而是延長服務期限。中縣道、關外郡的佐、史「均」至新地稱「為新地吏」，「均」至故徼稱「戍故徼」。「均佐史」存在法定服務期限，期滿回鄉。「冗佐史」指為獲取爵位或其他利益而主動「冗」於邊遠地區的佐、史。「冗」與「更」相對，指由一人進行的持續性供役。「冗佐史」與官府書面約定「冗」之期限，期滿獲取爵位或其他利益後可以回鄉，亦可以留任新地。秦政府採用兩種手段向故徼、新地調配官吏。一種是「罰」，即通過刑罰強制官吏前往故徼、新地，「均」即屬於此種手段。另一種是「賞」，即通過獎勵吸引官吏前往故徼、新地，「冗」即屬於此種手段。秦奉行法家理論，使用「賞」「罰」二柄來控制官吏，以實現國家的政策目標。

The structure of the political geography prior to and following the unification of the Qin dynasty was composed of zhong xian dao中縣道(counties and marches within the central region), guanwai jun關外郡(lit.“commanderies beyond the passes”), gu jiao故徼(former border), and xin di新地(new territories). The former border and new territories were both regarded as frontier regions under rule, and their officials were thus mainly transferred in from outside. According to slip nos. 278–279 of the Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian (si)嶽麓書院藏秦簡（肆）(Yuelu Academy Collection of Qin Bamboo Slips [Four]), rong zuo shi冗佐史and jun zuo shi均佐史are the two basic types of these so-called external officials. The latter refers to zuo佐(assistant) and shi史(scribe) who had been jun均, namely the dispatch and allocation of personnel, materials, etc. from areas of plenty to those in need, to serve in remote areas to oversee taxation and other material objects. The assistants and scribes in the counties and marches within the central region and the commanderies beyond the passes could be transferred to the former border and the new territories, with those serving in the former border being transferred to the even more remote former border. Due to the agreed upon service period, assistants and scribes in the new territories would no longer be further transferred to other locations; rather, their service period would be extended. The transfer of officials from the counties and marches within the central region or the commanderies beyond the passes to the new territories was called“serving as a new territories official”為新地吏, whereas their dispatch to the former border was“former border garrison”戍故徼. Each jun zuo shi had a statutory service term, and upon its completion, the assistant or scribe returned to his hometown. In contrast, rong zuo shi refers to assistants and scribes who voluntarily rong冗, namely continuous service performed by one person—opposite of geng更—in remote areas in order to obtain titles or other benefits. The official and the government agreed in writing on the period of continuous service, and once the term concluded, he could either return to their hometown or stay in the new territories after obtaining their title or other benefits. The Qin government used two methods to transfer officials to the former border and the new territories: the first was the punishing of officials, under which jun falls, by forcing them to serve at the former border or the new territories; secondly, tied to rong, rewards attracted officials to actively seek opportunities in these regions. The Qin thus followed the theories of Legalism in using the two handles of punishment and reward to control officials in order to achieve policy goals of the state.