山難與鬼魅：地理視域下的民俗禁忌與信仰思維初探

Mountain Accident and Ghosts: A Preliminary Study of Folklore Taboos and Beliefs in a Geographical Perspective

近年「山難」（Mountain Accident）事件頻傳，引起政府當局與大眾媒體廣泛關注。以往關於山難的討論，大多從「自然因素」與「人為因素」進行討論。而山難衍生的鬼魅經驗、靈異傳聞與民俗禁忌，卻時常被斥為迷信與無稽之談，鮮少以地理環境的角度，對山難與民俗禁忌、信仰的關係，進行專門的探討。本文從歷史上漢人移民對於「內山」的恐懼談起，也探討鬼神信仰在沿山地區漢人社會秩序中的角色。接著從環境空間的角度，探討臺灣民間社會對於山魅、魔神仔「拐人進山」的傳聞，以及山難事件衍生的鬼魅傳聞，背後涉及何種與地理環境有關的民俗禁忌與信仰思維。最後從這類傳聞，討論山難與地理環境的關係，反思人與自然的倫理，以及山野、災難與民俗信仰的關聯。

In recent years, mountain accidents have been frequent occurrences, which have attracted extensive attention from the government and mass media. In the past, most of the discussions on mountain accidents were classified unde“r natural factors”and/o“r human factors.”Ghostly experiences, spiritual rumors, and folk taboos derived from mountain accidents have often been dismissed as superstition and nonsense, and the relationship between mountain accidents, folk taboos, and beliefs is rarely explored from the perspective of the geographical environment. This paper discusses the role of the beliefs of ghosts and gods in the social order of the Han Chinese who live along the mountains, starting from the historical fears of the Han Chinese immigrants of the“inner mountains.”Next, the author analyzes the perspective of environmental space and the rumors of mountain demons and demon gods in Taiwanese folk society. With this context in mind, various folklore taboos and beliefs related to the geographical environment involving rumors of ghosts and demons that emerge from these mountain disasters are discussed. Finally, from these ghostly rumors, the following are considered: the relationship between mountain disasters and the geographical; the ethics of humankind and nature; and the relationship between the mountains and the wilderness, disasters and folk beliefs.