以刑事制裁作為抗制家庭暴力之手段──以德國法與歐盟法為中心

Criminal Sanctions as a Means to Combat Domestic Violence - Focusing on German Law and EU Law

家庭暴力防治法主要是繼受美國法而來，係程序法、福利法、家事法及刑事法，以防治家庭暴力及保護被害人權益為目的。實施至今逾二十四年，針對家庭暴力的防治，從未有學者以刑事法的角度切入，本文試圖以刑事制裁作為抗制家庭暴力之手段，近年來受到全球化的影響，刑事法學也受到國際公約的影響，而有所謂刑法全球化的現象，基此，本文特別觀照德國法與歐盟指令，希望以大陸法系的角度以及在繼受國際法與外國法的過程中，是否能與本國法律文化調和。本文的研究結果顯示：1.家庭暴力之概念源自英美法系，家庭暴力罪之核心內涵應為對於共同生活的伴侶及家庭成員間為「強制力的控制」之行為。若移植到大陸法系的國家，顯然會產生構成要件明確性的質疑；2.家庭暴力之刑事規範保護法益應為：家庭成員間生活空間的安全與寧靜，在此基礎下衍生出侵害個人性自主權（如強制性交）、侵害身體法益（如傷害行為）、侵害自由法益（跟騷）以及名譽法益等（如網路霸凌）；3.我國的家庭暴力防治法經過七次的修正，有關於刑事制裁的條文在本法第61條至第63條之1。大致上符合國際規範。然而在強制性交的追訴時效上，應比照歐盟家暴指令之規定，予以延長至二十年；4.有效抗制家庭暴力，應隨時注意國際規範，尤其是立法技術與立法解釋上較為先進之歐盟規範，可作為我國未來修法參考。

The Domestic Violence Prevention and Control Act is mainly inherited from American law and consists of procedural law, welfare law, family law and criminal law, with the purpose of preventing domestic violence and protecting the rights and interests of victims. It has been implemented for more than 24 years. No scholar has ever approached the prevention and control of domestic violence from the perspective of criminal law. This article attempts to use criminal sanctions as a means to combat domestic violence. In recent years, it has been affected by globalization and criminal law has also been affected by international conventions. The influence of the so-called globalization of criminal law. Based on this, this article particularly looks at German law and EU directives, hoping to see whether it can be reconciled with the domestic legal culture from the perspective of the civil law system and in the process of inheriting international law and foreign law. The research results of this article show: 1. The concept of domestic violence originates from the Anglo-American legal system, and the core connotation of the crime of domestic violence should be “coercive control” between partners and family members who live together. If transplanted to a country with a civil law system, it will obviously lead to doubts about the clarity of the constituent elements; 2. The legal interests protected by the criminal norms of domestic violence should be: the safety and tranquility of the living space between family members; 3. After seven amendments to Taiwan’s Domestic Violence Prevention and Control Law, there are the provisions regarding criminal sanctions are found in Articles 61 to 63-1 of this Law. Generally in line with international norms. However, the statute of limitations for prosecution of forced sexual intercourse should be extended to twenty years in accordance with the provisions of the EU Domestic Violence Directive; 4. To effectively combat domestic violence, we should always pay attention to international norms, especially the more advanced legislative technology and legislative interpretation. The EU norms can be used as a reference for future revision of laws in Taiwan.