魏晉南北朝「服食」風氣變遷的史料探析

Analysis of Historical Data on the Changes in the Atmosphere of“Fushi”During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

「服食」是研究魏晉南北朝社會，一項繞不開的議題。前人研究者多著手於個案，將這項行為視為士人追求個人長生、抑或對於儒學禮教的反動。這種取徑固然可以明晰各個時段、個案當中，士人思想與風氣等「個人」層面，卻未能留意到「服食」行為本身的複雜性與動態性：即不同時期的「服食」群體、「服食」形式與性質的差異，往往有所不同。而這些差異的成因，又與當時政治、社會風氣等因素息息相關。歸根結柢，未全面審視不同階段史料中的「服食」記載，使得前人研究成果在魏晉「服食」課題呈現零碎化，形成研究領域的一塊空白。對於志在釐清中古時期各階段「服食之社會意義」的研究者而言，經由長時段、多面向的史料觀察與分析，成了必不可少的基礎工作。
基於上述原因，本文擬藉由史料統計，梳理不同時期、不同身分之服食者的事例，爬梳魏晉「服食」背後反映士族社會、政治等議題，並藉由前人文獻的回顧進行初步的釐清。歸結出「從魏晉士族『服散』到南朝小姓『服丹』」的變遷趨勢，進而推論「不同時期士人之際『文化模仿』可能性」。期許填補研究成果之餘，希冀能給予有意探析魏晉士人社會的研究者，一項可供參考的依據。

“Taking external substances (Fushi服食)”is an unavoidable issue while reach for the society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Previous researchers mostly focused on individual cases and regarded this behavior as the literati’s pursuit of personal immortality or as a reaction against Confucian ethics. Although taking this path can make the“personal”aspects such as the thoughts and atmosphere of literati in each period and cases clearly, it ignored the complexity and dynamics of Fushi behavior itself: that is, there were always many differences between different groups and forms of Fushi during different periods. And what make these differences always relate to the political and social atmosphere at that time. In the final analysis, the failure to comprehensively examine the records of Fushi in historical materials at different stages has resulted in the fragmentation of previous research findings on the subject of Fushi during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, forming a blank in the research field. For researchers who aim to clarify the“social significance of Fushi”at various stages in the medieval period of Chinese history, what is an indispensable basic work is observing and analyzing historical data with a long-term and multi-faceted perspective.
Based on the above reasons, this article intends to use historical data statistics to sort out the cases of people who Fushi in different periods and with different statuses, and to sort out the social, political and other issues which were reflected by Fushi in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, then to establish the preliminary clarification by review previous research results. It summarizes the changing trend of“from‘taking powder (Fusan服散)’by aristocracy (Shizu士族) in the Wei and Jin to‘taking pellets (Fudan服丹)’by small clans (Xiaoxing小姓a social class between the aristocracy and the common people) during the Southern Dynasty”, and then infers“the possibility of‘cultural imitation’among literati in different periods.”In addition to supplementing the research results, I hope to provide a reference basis for researchers interested in analyzing the aristocracy society in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.