《清華簡（玖）?禱辭》社祭禮儀相關問題研究

The Study on Rituals and Sacrifices Related Issues of“Dao Ci”Collected from Qinhua University Chu Bamboo Slips Volume IX

《清華簡（玖）•禱辭》發布至今，歷經眾多學者的努力與研究，雖然基礎的章句訓詁與文意詮解已然大致底定，但是還有諸多祭祀相關問題尚未揭開謎底。深究其文獻性質，當是為了有實際祭禱需求的州里邑主們所設計的格式化應用文體。為了滿足戰國楚地各層、各地的州里邑主實際行政需求，〈禱辭〉簡文內容有可能不是一時、一地、一人之作，而是由各種類別、層次的禮節儀式適量擷取實際祭禱所需意涵，拼湊而為現今所見八則禱辭的規模。每則禱辭在實際使用時只要填入地名（州里邑名）、人名（邑主之名）、祭禱對象、祭禱目的，便可隨時因應邑主實際祭祀所需重新拆卸、組合，屬於相當便利的格式化應用文體。論文將依次討論以下與祭祀相關的議題：「命落」是指社祠新成的落成典禮、「繁邑寔始昌」是無標記的條件句、篇中「藏」字、「獻」字、「畜」字皆是獻祭之意。「東方之白馬」，其中東方擷取自望祭，而西方色白，可以克木、止風、「使君鬯食」的「鬯」不是秬鬯，「食」是獻祭精米、獻龜是獻祭楚國盛產之物、末段所驅之「百蟲」、「鹿、彘」、「百種皆集」皆與蜡祭相關。禮失而求諸野，〈禱辭〉即是層層降禮、殺禮之後的成果。尋其伏脈，尚可想見未曾降禮、殺禮之前的周代社祭恢弘規模。

The“Qinghua Bamboo Slips（9）•Dao Ci”has been published for years and has undergone extensive efforts and research by many scholars. Although the basic interpretation of the text and its meaning have been largely determined, there are still unanswered questions related to the sacrificial rituals. In terms of its documentary nature, it is likely a standardized application text designed for local leaders who had practical needs for sacrificial prayers. In order to meet the practical administrative needs of the various layers and regions of the state of Chu during the Warring States period, the authors of the“Prayers”may not have been individuals from a specific time or place. Instead, they likely extracted the necessary meanings for actual sacrifices and prayers from various types and levels of ritual ceremonies, and pieced them together to form the six prayers that we see today. Each prayer, when actually used, only requires the insertion of the place name（the name of the village or town）, the person’s name（the name of the local leader）, and the purpose of the sacrifice and prayer. This allows for easy disassembly and reassembly to meet the actual needs of the local leaders’sacrifices, making it a convenient and standardized application style. The research project will sequentially discuss the following topics related to sacrificial rituals:“命落”refers to the inauguration ceremony of a community shrine,“繁邑寔始昌”is an unmarked conditional clause, and the characters“藏”,“獻”, and“畜”in the text all國文學報第七十六期carry the meaning of offering sacrifices.“東方之白馬”is derived from the Eastern offering, with the color white representing the ability to control wood, stop the wind, and the“offering of the lord’s libation”where“libation”does not refer to the millet-based libation, and“offering”refers to the offering of refined rice and the offering of a turtle, which were abundant in the state of Chu. The“Dao Ci”is the result of layer upon layer of descending rituals. By tracing its hidden veins, one can still imagine the grand scale before the descending and killing rituals took place.