「正常化」：英語學界的蘇聯東歐國家日常生活史研究

“Normalization”: Anglophone Scholarship on the Historiography of Everyday Life in the Soviet Bloc

本文梳理了近年來英語學界在「正常化」視角下關於蘇聯東歐國家20世紀50–80年代日常生活史的既有研究，本文認為，相關研究體現出對傳統極權主義模式（totalitarian model）的兩點反思：一是國家與社會的二元對立，二是研究中的道德預設，而修正後的極權主義模式仍有解釋力不強等問題。在此基礎上，本文梳理「正常化」視角下的日常生活史研究，發現這一時期民眾在與國家的互動中適應了政權，因而能與官方規則和諧共存、正常生活。大部分民眾（尤其是各種亞文化活動參與者）並沒有以直接或間接方式抵抗政權，而是表現出既不支持、也不抵抗的態度。「正常化」視角下的日常生活史研究，呈現出豐富的歷史細節，但仍需進一步提煉問題意識，警惕碎片化風險。

This article reviews Anglophone scholarship on the“history of everyday life”in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries from the perspective of“normalization.”It argues that recent research on the everyday lives of ordinary people in the Soviet Bloc during the 1950s to the 1980s highlights two key critiques of the traditional“totalitarian model”: the binary opposition between“state”and“society,”and the moral assumptions embedded in the research. Despite these critiques, the revised totalitarian model still faces explanatory limitations. The“normalization”perspective reveals that people during this period“adapted”to the regime through their interactions with the state, allowing them to coexist with official rules and lead“normal”lives. Many individuals, particularly those engaged in various“subcultural”activities, did not actively resist the regime but rather maintained a stance of“neither support nor resistance.”While the“normalization”approach offers rich historical detail, further refinement of research focus is needed, and scholars should be cautious of the risks associated with“fragmentation.”