友誼與思想：論朝鮮士人洪大容燕行求友的思想演變與建構脈絡

The Idea of Friendship in Thought: The Evolution and Contextualization of Hong Dae-yong’s Quest for Friendship in the Joseon Dynasty

本文試圖以「友誼」作為探究方法，重論洪大容燕行求友形成的契機與思想演變過程。首先掘發洪大容知己欲求中的友論脈絡，說明「友誼」在晚明陽明學與朝鮮晚期呈現的脈絡與特色，以見洪大容知己欲求如何與此以師友為心性工夫一環相結合，成為往後接納異說的養分。次則說明洪大容的友道實踐與知己選擇，如何對其思想演變具有形塑效用，並因接納友人的觀點，形成尊重「異端」的思維，進而力拒朝鮮「排邪闢異」的風氣。最後說明洪大容文化相遇、改變之所以可能，是有其自身的內發性動力，而讓洪大容有其改變的基礎者，即是一直以來的成己之志，促使形構「求友」之外顯實踐；「友誼」亦為扮演溝通之橋樑，在雙方文化衝突中，得以緩和、力思改變的可能之基礎。那麼與其強調突然的轉變，不如以「演變」一詞以更見其思想生命的緩慢形塑之樣態。

This paper attempts to employ the concept of“friendship”as an exploratory approach to reconstructing the transformation of Hong Dae-yong’s thought and the development of his friendships during his Joseon mission to China. Firstly, the paper explicates different contextual backgrounds and characteristics of“friendship”in the late-Ming Yangmingism as well as in the late Joseon Kingdom, and explores the unique features of Hong’s desire to build friendships. Drawing attention to how Hong’s cultivation of friendships is incorporated into the idea of teacher-friendship, which serves as a crucial part of the cultivation of mind and human nature, this paper contends that Hong’s thoughts on friendship become the intellectual nourishment for his subsequent theoretical framework that accommodates a diversity of perspectives. Secondly, the paper illustrates how Hong’s practice of friendship and his selection of confidants have influenced the shaping of his ideological stance, leading him to embrace a mindset of respecting“heretics”by accepting the views of his friends while rejecting the Joseon cultural climate of“warding off evil spirits.”Finally, the paper argues that the realization of Hong’s cultural encounters and ideological changes mainly derives from the internal driving force of his own character. His desire for acquiring friendships reinforces the foundation for his transformation in thought, thereby achieving“quest for friendships”in practice. In addition, Hong’s“friendship”builds effective communication bridges for different sides to mitigate conflicts and facilitate potential changes during cultural clashes. Therefore, instead of emphasizing on the abrupt transitions in Hong’s thought, the paper highlights the term“evolution”to demonstrate the subtle formation of his way of life and thinking.