從扶貧到脫貧：以文字探勘技術分析習近平「脫貧攻堅」對中國大陸貧窮治理制度之影響

From Poverty Alleviation to Poverty Eradication: Analyzing the Impact of Xi Jinping’s“Poverty Eradication and Strike”on the Poverty Governance System in Mainland China through Text Mining Techniques

2021年2月，習近平宣稱中國的脫貧攻堅戰取得「全面勝利」，完成消除絕對貧困的艱鉅任務。長期以來，中共當局持續運用行政體系動員與投入資源，嘗試改善貧窮民眾的生活條件與經濟處境，然而從原先的「減貧」、「扶貧」到習近平的「脫貧」，貧窮治理的政治意義逐漸增加，中共當局需要藉其強化執政之合法性，然而習近平對於貧窮治理的態度顯然與前任領導人不同。習近平認為當代中國貧窮問題的原因在於分配不均而非發展落後，其主張透過對貧窮者「主體增能」的作法將相關資源直接挹注給貧困戶，相信此舉能夠有效改善中國社會的絕對貧窮問題。本文認為，習近平對於中國貧窮問題的認知，改變中共對於「脫貧」治理的一貫政策立場，從局部性的減貧、扶貧，改變為全面性的脫貧。更因其對權力集中運作的堅持，讓中國貧窮治理的策略不再是依賴調整經濟結構改變居民所得的作法，改以行政主導與數據管理的方式進行「精準扶貧」。本研究嘗試釐清在習近平主政時期，其所提出之政治指導如何影響國家政策的走向，研究者將以中共「精準扶貧」工作為個案，說明習近平個人之政治主張如何成為影響公共管理的主要變數，而其所採取的權力集中模式又是如何成為主要執行政策的方式。

In February 2021, Xi Jinping declared a“complete victory”in China’s battle against poverty, marking the achievement of the difficult task of eradicating absolute poverty. For a long time, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has consistently mobilized its administrative system and invested resources to improve the living conditions and economic circumstances of impoverished populations. However, as the approach shifted from“poverty reduction”and“poverty alleviation”to Xi Jinping’s“poverty eradication,”the political significance of poverty governance increased. The CCP needed to use it to reinforce the legitimacy of its rule. Xi Jinping’s stance on poverty governance differs from that of his predecessors. He believes that the root cause of contemporary poverty in China lies in unequal distribution rather than underdevelopment. His approach emphasizes“empowering”the poor by directly channeling resources to impoverished households, believing that this will effectively address the problem of absolute poverty in Chinese society.
This paper argues that Xi Jinping’s understanding of poverty in China has shifted the CCP’s stance on poverty governance from partial poverty reduction and alleviation to comprehensive poverty eradication. Due to his insistence on centralized power, poverty governance in China has moved away from relying on adjusting the economic structure to increase income, to instead on adopting an approach dominated by administrative intervention and data management in the form of“targeted poverty alleviation.”This study seeks to clarify how Xi Jinping’s political directives during his tenure have influenced national policy. Using the CCP’s“targeted poverty alleviation”campaign as a case study, the research explains how Xi Jinping’s personal political beliefs have become a key variable in public administration and how the centralized model of power he adopted has become the main mechanism for policy implementation.