台灣南島語言時間詞之跨語言比較初探

A Preliminary Comparative Study of Formosan Temporal Words

本研究在Dixon基本語言學理論的框架下，探討時間詞「昨天」、「明天」、「前天」、「後天」在台灣南島語中分合的類型。根據各語言的語料，進行構詞及語意之分析。研究發現，絕大多數的台灣南島語，將距今差一天的昨天與明天，以及距今差兩天的前天與後天歸為一組，分組乃著重在距今的「天數」。其次，少數語言將昨天與前天以及明天與後天分別歸為一組，著重在「（時間的）前後」。此外，亦有「昨天」、「明天」、「前天」、「後天」皆不同詞根之語言類型。本研究全面考察所有台灣南島語言，並將這些語言分成三大類，同時也將時間詞標記分成單標（標示實現）、單標（標示非實現）以及雙標三類。此外，也比較了其他國家的南島語言以及討論是否可以構擬至原始南島語。此研究，能彰顯台灣南島語言時間詞的特點，並可供語言類型學研究參考。

This study uses the framework of Dixon’s basic linguistic theory to explore the types of temporal word such as“yesterday”,“tomorrow”,“the day before yesterday”and“the day after tomorrow”in Formosan languages. Based on the data of each language, the morphology and semantics are analyzed. It was found that the vast majority of Formosan languages group together“yesterday”and“tomorrow”, which are one day apart from the present, and“the day before yesterday”and“the day after tomorrow”, which are two days apart, into another group. Such grouping is based on the“number of days”. A few languages group“yesterday”with“the day before yesterday”and“tomorrow”with“the day after tomorrow”, focusing on the distinction between“realis and irrealis”. Additionally, there are also languages using all different root words for“yesterday”,“tomorrow”,“the day before yesterday”and“the day after tomorrow”. Through a comprehensive examination, this study categorizes the Formosan languages into three major types and divides the marker of temporal words into three categories: single mark (marking realis), single mark (marking irrealis), and double mark. In addition, it compares the Austronesian languages of other countries and discusses whether the findings contribute to the reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian language. The results not only highlight the characteristics of Formosan languages temporal words, but also provide a reference for linguistic typology research.