戰後台灣觀光業發展的美國因素

The Development of Tourism Industries and the U. S. Factors in Postwar Taiwan

二次大戰結束後，美軍在一系列的任務引領下來到台灣，並隨著美國在亞洲的軍事部署而增減。美軍在各地觀光遊憩與性產業的密切關係，成為當時或後世最受矚目的議題之一。此議題最普遍流傳的詮釋，是將性觀光產業的發展視為地主國為了迎合美軍／美國而例外特許的制度安排，類似說法往往也體現在關於戰後台灣觀光產業的研究當中。本文聚焦戰後台灣觀光產業發展中的「美國因素」，重新檢視最常被提及的R&R計畫及其影響，挑戰過去認為觀光業在60年代後蓬勃發展，很大部分來自於R&R計畫的施行。本文不僅指出，美軍的休閒空間自戰後初期美軍開始來台後便以廣泛存在，同時也帶出越戰期間大量不屬於R&R的在台美軍，如何貢獻了相關產業發展。在觀光政策的美國影響部分，亦強調美國從爭取援助的對象、反共宣傳的盟友，到關鍵資金的提供者的角色轉變。透過分析更長時段、多重形式的美軍性消費空間發展與變化，以及觀光業發展過程中所受到的美國影響，更複雜化地理解美國的軍事部署和國際援助，如何與在地的民間、制度和產業發展交互作用。

After World War II, a series of missions led U.S. forces to Taiwan, which expanded or shrunk with the deployment of the U.S. military in Asia. The close relationship between the U.S. military’s tourism and the sex industry has become one of the most controversial issues since then. The most common interpretation of this issue is to read the development of the sex tourism industry as an exceptional arrangement to cater to the U.S. by the host administration, which discourse often reflects in the studies of tourism in postwar Taiwan. This paper focuses on the“U.S. factors”in the development of postwar Taiwan’s tourism industry by re-examining the R&R program and its influence. It challenges the discourse that the vigorous development of the tourism industry after the 1960s was largely due to the implementation of the R&R program. The leisure space for the U.S. military has been widely existed since the early postwar period. Many U.S. troops in Taiwan during the Vietnam War that did not belong to R&R also contributed to the development of related industries. On the U.S. influence of Taiwan’s tourism development, this paper also points out the role of the U.S. has shifted from a target of request for aid, an ally of anti-communist propaganda, to a provider of critical funds. By analyzing the long-term spatial development and changes in the multiform of U.S. military sex consumption as well as U.S. influence on the development of the tourism industry, this paper brings out the complexity of understanding how the deployment of the U.S. military and the international aid interact with the local civil, institutional, and industrial development.