半總統制的總統權力和憲政運作：以總理解職權的行使為例

Presidential Power and Constitutional Operation in Semi-presidentialism: Presidential Dismissal of Prime Minister

本文主要的研究問題有三：一、是不是特定的制度特徵或政治特徵有利於或是有礙於總統解職總理權的行使；二、不同半總統制次類型如總理總統制和總統國會制的總統結合不同的制度或政治特徵對於總統解職總理的權力行使可能會產生哪些差異；三、在多黨體系的脈絡中，為何有些總統可以成功地解職總理，而有些總統較難行使總理解職權。本文的研究發現如下：一、總理總統制與總統國會制的總統都會行使解職總理的權力，總理總統制國家的總統不會因為沒有憲法上所規定的解職權力，就較少行使解職總理權力；二、當半總統制的國會具有同意權的情況下，反而比國會不具有同意權的情況下，產生更多解職總理的現象，兩者是高度的正相關關係；當內閣組成都是由國會議員所組成時，總統更換總理的頻率下降，兩者之間是高度的負相關關係；三、總理總統制國家如烏克蘭的總統仍然會運用非正式的權威來解職其所任命的多黨內閣的總理，相對地，臺灣總統國會制的運作經驗顯示，當總統可以單邊地決定行政院長的去留，即使在一致政府的時期，仍然會頻繁地撤換行政院長。本文建議當半總統制國家的制度配套讓總理與國會的連結愈強時，總統較不會頻繁地撤換總理，內閣也會相對地較穩定。

This paper aims to answer three questions: whether particular institutional features of semi-presidentialism facilitate or hamstring the enactment of the president’s censure power on prime minister, how the subtypes of semi-presidentialism such as premier-presidential systems and president-parliamentary systems combined with different institutional or political features would cause different political consequences, and why certain presidents within a multi-party system can dismiss the prime minister at will. The findings are that first, there is no significant difference of the turnover rate of prime minister between premier-presidential systems and president-parliamentary systems; second, the semi-presidential systems with the investiture procedure can produce more cases on the censure of prime minister than the semi-presidential systems without the investiture procedure and when the composition of the cabinet is chosen from members of parliament, the turnover rate of prime minister is lower; third, Ukraine as a premier-presidential system with a multi-party system has witnessed the president enacted the dismissal power of the prime minister by his informal power and the president of Taiwan frequently dismissed the prime ministers even in the period of unified government. This paper suggests that the stronger the connection between the prime minister and parliament is, the more stable the cabinet is, the less likely the president is to dismiss the prime minister.