尋求世俗主義與國教主義的平衡：泰國與馬來西亞宗教法制的比較

Seeking a Balance Between Secularism and the Establishment of State Religion: A Comparative Study of Religious Legal and Administrative Systems in Thailand and Malaysia

東南亞獨特的地理環境與歷史發展造就其宗教文化與政治制度的多樣性，形成「法制多元主義」的獨特樣貌。本文以馬來西亞與泰國為比較的個案，以彰顯兩國特殊之世俗主義與國教主義折衷的宗教法制，全文分為三節：第一節比較兩國憲法的國教（馬來西亞伊斯蘭）或準國教（泰國佛教）與宗教自由的條款，彰顯其王權與宗教權威結合的核心建制；第二節探討宗教法制架構下對宗教自由的限制，區分為針對一般宗教信仰與特別針對國教的兩套法制系統；第三節比較兩國的宗教行政管理制度，同樣有針對國教與其他宗教的兩套系統。
整體而言，馬來西亞可視為非常積極的國教主義，非常消極的世俗主義；泰國則是消極的國教主義、相對積極的世俗主義。馬來西亞憲政制度賦予伊斯蘭的國教地位已趨於穩定，並深入立法、司法、行政三權的制度與機構，但基於憲法的宗教自由與平等之世俗主義原則仍未被撼動，國教主義與世俗主義的紛歧皆能遵循民主法治的模式解決。相較之下，泰國朝野雙方並未對佛教國教主義形成共識，民主憲政尚未穩定，佛教國教化的進展緩慢，僧俗兩眾對國教主義仍存在正反兩面的意見。

Southeast Asia’s unique geographical environment and historical development have created the diversity of religious culture and political institutions, and formed unique traditions of legal pluralism. This article compares Malaysia and Thailand to highlight the special legal systems of combining secularism with state religions in the two countries. The first section compares the state religion (Malay Islam) or quasi-state religion (Thai Buddhism) and religious freedom in the two constitutions. The second section discusses the restrictions on religious freedom under the dual legal system of religious beliefs and the state religion. The third section compares the dual administrative systems of religions.
The Malaysian systems can be regarded as the assertive establishment of state religion and passive secularism; the Thai systems as the passive establishment of state religion and assertive secularism. The status of Islam as the state religion by the Malaysian constitution has penetrated into all of the branches of government. However, the principle of religious freedom and equality based on the constitution is secure, and the conflicts between the establishment of Islam and secularism are legally resolved. In contrast, there has been no consensus on the establishment of Buddhism as the state religion in Thailand. The democratic constitutional rule has not yet been finalized and the progress of establishing Buddhism as the state religion is incomplete.