從甘肅官茶引看清前期邊疆統治（1644–1795）

The Official Tea Marketing License System in Gansu Province and Early Qing Frontier Governance, 1644–1795

清代甘肅官茶引制度承襲宋明以來的茶馬貿易，但因康熙朝時廣設牧廠，致使甘肅茶馬貿易衰退。清準戰爭時期，雍正年間仍維持官茶引制度，官茶用於賞給西寧寺院喇嘛，又賞賜青海蒙古王公及兵丁、賞額敏和卓等，及撫卹流離失所的蒙古人。乾隆四年（1739）清朝與準噶爾達成休戰協議，雙方建立貿易關係，茶葉和絲綢是準噶爾人採買的重要物品，因此清前期仍維持官茶引制度。雍乾時期對喀爾喀蒙古及青海蒙古等採取的懷柔策略，穩定了邊疆秩序。雍正年間因清準戰爭關係，朝廷令茶商捐助官員養廉銀。戰爭結束，這些捐助款成為常例。其次，甘肅是中原與西域交通樞紐，清朝在清準戰爭期間，設置寧夏、涼州及莊浪三處駐防與屯田。戰爭結束之後，這些防衛系統仍然存在。但凡運屯糧經費、驛站馬匹開支、修繕臺墩、倉儲等，都由官茶引項目支出，形成甘肅地方財政特色。

The official tea marketing license茶引system in Gansu province during the Qing dynasty followed the tea-horse trade from the Song and Ming periods, but the trade in Gansu declined as a result of the extensive establishment of official pastures during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). Moving into the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), the official tea marketing license system was continued due to the fact that during the wars between the Qing Empire and the Junggars (Dzungars), official tea was used to reward lamas at temples in Xining, Mongolian princes and soldiers of Qinghai, and Uighur leader Emin Khwaja額敏和卓(ca. 1694–1777), as well as to relieve displaced Mongolians. In 1739 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), the Qing court and the Junggar Khanate reached a cessation of hostilities and established trade relations. Tea and silk were important goods purchased by the Junggar peoples, and the official tea system thus persisted in the early Qing period. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns, a strategy of conciliation was applied to the Khalkha and Qinghai Mongol peoples to establish frontier order. When the Third Junggar-Qing War broke out in the Yongzheng reign, the Qing court ordered tea merchants to donate money as a form of additional income, namely“silver for nourishing incorruptibility”養廉銀, to officials, donations which became a conventional norm after the war ended. In addition, Gansu was the transportation hub between the Central Plains and the Western regions. During the war, the Qing established three garrisons with military-agriculture colonies in Ningxia, Liangzhou, and Zhuanglang, a defense system which likewise remained following the war. All the expenses for transporting grain, post horses, repairing garrison structures, and storage were entirely paid from income generated by the official tea marketing license system, forming the local financial characteristics of Gansu.