「十五年戰爭」體系下日本對「滿洲國軍」的多重利用

Japan’s Diverse Use of the Manchukuo Army during the“Fifteen-Year War”

日本於「十五年戰爭」（1931-1945）的對外擴張期間，陸續在中國大陸與東南亞組建多支當地人軍隊。本文聚焦於其中的「滿洲國軍」，探討日本對當地人軍隊的利用。滿洲國軍不僅是十五年戰爭期間的首支當地人軍隊，受日本支配的力度和日本化程度也最深，可以說已基本淪為一支殖民地軍隊。參與鎮壓抗日力量、協助日軍侵略作戰，自然是滿洲國軍作為日本控制下的當地人軍隊乃至殖民地軍所要擔負的重要任務。既往研究的關注點便多在對前者的考察上，不過，日本對滿洲國軍的利用並未單純停留在狹義作戰的層面。在對外擴張中，日本還對滿洲國軍進行政治性利用以調動當地勢力的合作，借用滿洲國軍的外殼和體制進行祕密活動，利用滿洲國軍培訓與儲備其他日滿所需人員，甚至將滿洲國軍作為統治其他當地人軍隊及改革日軍的試驗田。可以說，滿洲國軍其實在日本的對外擴張中擔負了更為多樣化的角色和作用。不過，在日本對滿洲國軍的利用模式中，有些通用於其他當地人軍隊，有些則只適用於「準關東軍部隊」化的滿洲國軍。這也反映出，當地人軍隊在日本對外擴張中的利用價值及作用，受其自身或其所憑依的日佔區的性質，即日本統治的滲透程度所限定。

Japan successively raised several collaborationist armies in mainland China and Southeast Asia throughout its overseas expansion during the Fifteen-Year War (1931–1945). This article explores how Japan used these forces by focusing on the Manchukuo Army, which was the first such collaborationist army organized in this period and is viewed as the most heavily controlled and assimilated by Japan, essentially positioning it as a branch of the colonial army. Suppressing anti-Japanese forces and assisting the Imperial Japanese Army in their aggression were naturally entrusted with the Manchukuo Army as a collaborationist army under Japanese control, the former role of which has drawn the most focus of previous studies. However, Japan’s use of the Manchukuo Army in its overseas expansion was not limited to the level of military combat in the narrow sense. In addition, Japan made political use of the Manchukuo Army to mobilize cooperation from local forces, as well as conducting covert operations in its name, training reserve personnel for Japan and Manchukuo through the Manchukuo Army, and even regarding it as a testing ground for controlling other collaborationist armies or reforming the Imperial Army. In other words, the Manchukuo Army played a substantially more diverse role in Japan’s overseas expansion than previously believed. However, some of Japan’s patterns of use of the Manchukuo Army can be generalized to other collaborationist armies, while others are only compatible with the colonized Manchukuo Army. This specifically reflects that the utilization value and role of local collaborationist forces were limited by the nature, namely the degree of penetration of Japanese rule, of themselves and of the Japanese-occupied areas from which they were recruited.