漢魏六朝「植物」與「神女──美女」賦的互文研究

本文探索漢魏六朝之際，有關「植物」與「神女──美女」兩類賦篇，在書寫時所出現的互文現象。首先，考索古代神仙思想，可見古人認為神仙一則與宇宙陰陽之精華能量合體並生，其次神仙以雲霞、露水、風氣等為食，並也以之移動，故雲霞等可為神仙之標誌。準此，在賦家筆下許多植物與神女──美女，亦是生於陰陽精粹醇美之能量；同時，雲霞也是賦家常用以形容兩者繁盛美麗時，所習用的文學意象。可見賦家眼中的神女──美女，固已為神仙之屬，而許多植物實也可視為一神仙思想的具體化，故兩者內涵相似，皆具超俗的神聖價值。再者，從古代文獻看來，雨勢、霜雪等水分的存在，能直接影響稻禾等植物收成，而女性則能育衍子嗣，亦與生命延續密切相關，故而植物、水與女性，三種對象，往往被認為可以相互聯繫互動。此外，又可發現諸多植物神話，其本身就與女性相關，而其植物的主要效能，則在於強化女性的性吸引力，或家庭中的穩定力。回到植物與神女──美女類型賦篇來看，兩種題材的作品裡，常不約而同出現美女摘花裝飾自身，及青年男女折花相贈的情節，而這兩項情節，本都具有強烈的性愛情欲的隱喻，又可視為《詩經》之中，「摘採植物」與「投贈植物」母題的餘緒的書寫。

This paper explores the phenomenon of intertextuality in two categories of Ci-Fu(辭賦) from the Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties:“Plants”and“Goddess–Beauties.”First, influenced by ancient immortalist thought, both plants and Goddess–Beauties, as portrayed by Ci-Fu writers, possess a transcendent sanctity. In the Ci-Fu of the Six Dynasties, both plants and Goddess–Beauties are believed to be born from the cosmic forces of Yin(陰) and Yang(陽), and their prosperity and beauty are frequently described using celestial imagery, such as clouds and rosy hues(雲霞). Furthermore, women and plants in ancient literature are intricately tied to the continuity of life. For instance, acting as an intermediary, rainwater, frost, and other water sources play a pivotal role in determining crop yields, symbolizing the reproductive capacity of women. Additionally, in many plant-related myths associated with women, plants are often depicted as enhancing female sexual allure. In Six Dynasties Ci-Fu, we can thus observe scenes infused with strong metaphors of sexual desire, such as beauties adorning themselves with picked flowers or young men and women exchanging blossoms. When retracing their origins to earlier literary works, these themes can be seen as vestiges of the overarching motifs of“picking and presenting plants”found in the“Book of Songs.”