「誰」的課後照顧服務？親職外包鏈下的個體化育兒圖像

本文將安親班的親職外包現象放進當代資本主義的脈絡中，將之與生產體系及再生產體系各自的框架與彼此之間的關聯扣連在一起。我以18位課後托育工作者作為質性訪談的對象，藉以勾勒出整體親職外包鏈的運作邏輯，並指出其侷限性。研究結果顯示，臺灣的安親班是結合托育與補習的「全包式」服務。這跟雙薪家長在雙長工時下的育兒時間貧窮困境有關。不過整體而言，「盯功課」才是家長將親職轉包的最根本的理由。盯功課作為安親班老師使命必達的任務，一方面彰顯學校老師作為親職規範性標準代理人的關鍵角色，另一方面也映照出中產雙薪父母對孩子成績的競爭意識。盯功課也跟母親的情緒管理任務存在衝突，轉包讓中產就業母親下班後不必再進入這項潛存親子情緒衝突的第三輪班工作。然而，當盯功課這項親職移轉到家庭外部，成為有酬勞動後，安親班老師的勞動條件並不好：雖然不排除二度就業母親，但勞動價值被低估，低薪困境也讓多數安親班老師負擔不起安親班的親職外包費用。安親班老師的勞動與生活難題是所有照顧者共有的困境。由於整體的文本分析結果指向一種個體化的育兒圖像，結語就此進行簡要討論，並針對課後照顧提出政策建議。

This article places the phenomenon of outsourcing parenting in the context of contemporary capitalism and links it with the respective frameworks and correlations between the production system and the reproduction system. I used qualitative analysis of text from in-depth interviews with 18 afterschool childcare workers to sketch the operating logic of the overall outsourcing chain and its limitations. The research shows that Taiwan’s afterschool centers are the kind of all-inclusive service that combines childcare and private tutoring. This results from the time-poverty of dual-earner parents under the conditions of long working hours. However,“monitoring a child’s homework”is the most fundamental reason to outsource parenting. On the one hand, it implies the key role of schoolteachers as agents of normative standards for parenting, and on the other hand, it also reflects the awareness of middle-class dual-earner parents concerning the competitive conditions for their children’s future achievements in the workplace. In addition, monitoring a child’s homework is also in conflict with the mother’s emotional management. Middle-class working mothers outsource such tasks so that they no longer need to face the parent-child emotional conflict in the third shift after work. Nevertheless, when“monitoring a child’s homework”is transferred outside the family and becomes paid care work, the working conditions of afterschool childcare workers are not good: although re-employed mothers have not been excluded, their labor value has been underestimated, and the low wages have also made the workers unable to themselves afford the cost of outsourcing parenting. The labor and life problems of afterschool childcare workers are thus the common difficulties shared by all caregivers. The overall finding of text analysis points to an individualized child-rearing image. The concluding remarks will focus on such images and make policy suggestions for after-school care.