初談介於海德格與中國古代繪畫之間的視覺與周遭意識

在《存有與時間》中海德格闡明人的存在如何投入「周圍世界」。「存有之開顯」這則議題涉及思維與理論，但海德格有關「棲居」在透過「操勞」而「照面」之萬物之近處所展開的探討則標誌著另類的導向。本文以此為出發點來探索，在海德格後期思想及現象學來看，支配著人通往世界的視覺典範，即「直觀」、「觀念」、「觀看」如何逐漸被「棲居」這一理念所顛覆或彌補。本文主張的是，當今我們應當重新在「棲居」上奠建與生活周遭的關係。因此，本文證成「棲居於世界中」到何種程度是內在於我們對世界的直觀。為了加強此論點，本文第二個部分是藉由跨文化式取徑，來參照中國古代畫論有關視覺與周遭意識之關係的啟發，藉以印證如何並且在何種程度上觀畫這種美學工夫確實將「觀看」與「棲居」稠密地糾纏起來。依據海德格與前現代中國畫論本文主張：如今我們應當重新學習以更為適當的方式觀看萬物，進而與我們的周圍世界恢復以「棲居」為主軸的關係。

In Being and Time Martin Heidegger elucidates our actively engaging with a“surrounding world”. While the issue of an original“disclosure of Being”primarily concerns thinking and theory, Heidegger’s analysis of our“dwelling”next to things,“dealt with”and thus“encountered”by us, exhibits a different orientation. From this starting point, this paper explores how, especially in Heidegger’s later thinking and subsequent phenomenology, the ancient philosophical paradigm of vision, that means of“intuition”,“representation”, and“looking”, as dominating our access to the world, becomes progressively subverted, or enhanced, by the idea of“dwelling”. On this ground the paper argues that the living relationship to our environment in the mode of“dwelling”should re-become prevalent, within our modern environmental consciousness. Therefore, it is demonstrated to what extent our“dwelling in the world”is inherent in, and intrinsic to, our looking at the world. In order to validate this claim, in the second part the discussion takes advantage of a transcultural approach, briefly consulting ancient Chinese reflections on painting, with respect to the relation between vision and environmental consciousness. This textual evidence proves how and to what extent aesthetic picture contemplation can indeed be understood as a field where our“looking”actively commits, and effectuates, our“dwelling”. Thus it is pleaded in this paper, between Heidegger and pre-modern Chinese aesthetics, that at present we should learn anew how to view things in the world adequately, so as to restore a“dwelling”mode of relating to our surrounding world.