哲學與神學關聯的可能性：海德格早期關於罪的探究

關於罪這個議題，海德格從未出版過任何專門的著作。不過，他曾在布特曼(Rudolf Bultmann)的「保羅倫理學」研討班中發表過二個演講，主題是「路德論罪的問題」（1924年），提出路德關於罪的概念的一些基本觀點。此外，與罪的主題相關的是，海德格在1921年夏季學期的講座「奧古斯丁與新柏拉圖主義」中，對於奧古斯丁在《懺悔錄》第十卷中如何談論誘惑的分析。
本文的目的並非討論海德格如何理解路德和奧古斯丁關於罪的看法，而是藉由檢視海德格對於路德和奧古斯丁的詮釋，我們可以發現，對於「誘惑」的理解，如何能聯繫、甚至有助於「罪」的理解。透過進一步的反省，這個發現指出哲學與神學關聯的可能性，儘管海德格堅決劃清二者的界線，並聲稱它們是死敵。
本文的第一部分提出海德格如何理解路德的罪觀。他指出，路德認為罪是背離上帝，扭曲人與上帝之間的關係，宣稱自己是上帝且上帝不是上帝。本文的第二部分處理海德格如何分析奧古斯丁對於三種形式誘惑的說明：肉身的欲望(concupiscentia carnis)，眼睛的欲望(concupiscentia oculorum)和世俗的雄心(ambitio saeculi)。本文最後反省這三種形式的誘惑如何導致罪。這一反省暗示了哲學與神學關聯的可能性。

Heidegger never published anything with regard to the theme of sin, which is an important issue for Christian theology. Nevertheless, he gave a two-part talk“The Problem of Sin in Luther”(1924) in Rudolf Bultmann’s theology seminar on St. Paul’s ethics. In that talk, Heidegger presents some basic ideas about Luther’s conception of sin. On the other hand, Heidegger analyzes, in his SS 1921 lecture course“Augustine and Neo-Platonism”, how St. Augustine exhibits the phenomenon of temptation in Confessions Book X, which is relevant to the theme of sin.
The aim of this paper is not at presenting how Heidegger interprets Luther and St. Augustine concerning the theme of sin. Rather, by examining Heidegger’s reading of Luther and St. Augustine, we can discover how the understanding of temptation can be put together with, or even can be connected and contribute to the understanding of sin. This discovery, with further implication, indicates that philosophy can be related to theology, despite Heidegger’s firmly dissociating these two, claiming that they are mortal enemies.
The first part of this paper exhibits Heidegger’s reading of Luther on the theme of sin. He indicates that Luther considers sin as turning away from God, perverting the relation between man and God, and claiming oneself to be God and God not to be God. The second part of this paper deals with Heidegger’s interpretation with respect to St. Augustine’s presentation of three forms of temptation: desire of the flesh (concupiscentia carnis), desire of the eyes (concupiscentia oculorum) and secular ambition (ambitio saeculi). The last part of this paper reflects on how the three forms of temptation results in sinning. This reflection gives a hint at the possibility of relating philosophy and theology.