中國中古時期東亞神佛交涉樣態釐探──兼論中日天台宗神佛習合觀的關係

中國中古時期的佛教史籍中，常見佛教與神仙、祠祀信仰之間衝突與相合的記載，不少故事傳說祠神、神將、動物與外來的佛教僧侶（佛教勢力）產生衝突，後來轉而被佛教的佛菩薩或僧侶所收服，成為佛教的護法。尤其在祠祀信仰興盛的江南地區，佛教與祠祀信仰之間的競合事蹟，幾乎是史不絕載。如此情況，不但使得佛教逐漸發展出地域特色，祠祀信仰也在與佛教競合的過程中，產生質變與量變。
本文嘗試透過考察中國中古時期江南地區僧神交涉事蹟，探究其中所展現的神佛習合現象與發展，特別是存在護法善神、皈依受戒離脫神道等現象。進而梳理文獻中所載天台山神佛習合的記載，以及天台宗教法中的「本迹觀」，對於日本比叡山山王信仰與本地垂迹說之開展，可能存在的聯繫與影響。甚而成為宋代以降，江南地區陸續出現雜揉佛教與民間信仰發展的源頭。

In the Buddhist literature of the medieval Chinese, there are common records of conflicts and compatibility between Buddhism and folk beliefs. Many stories and legends record that godsand animals were transferred and subdued by Bodhisattvas or monks and became the guardian of Buddhism. Especially in Jiangnan, where the belief in blessings is flourishing, there are almost endless stories of the competition and cooperation between Buddhist and folk beliefs. Such a situation not only made the Buddhism develop regional characteristics, but also caused changes in quality and quantity in the process of folk belief competing with Buddhism.
This article attempts to investigate the deeds of the negotiation between monks and folk belief gods in the Jiangnan in medieval China. It explores the phenomenon and development of the combination of gods and Buddhas, and then sort out the records of the combination of Gods and Buddhism originate in Tiantai literature. Additionally, the study delves intothe“Honji suijaku”本地垂跡in Tiantai religion, which may have the impact on the development of the syncretistic fusion of Shintoism and Buddhism origin. This even became the source for the development of syncretic Buddhism and folk beliefs in the Jiangnan region since the Song Dynasty.