個人債務處理的社工服務模式之初探──以某社福團體為例

Preliminary Exploration of Social Work Service Model of Personal Debt Management: The Case of a Social Welfare Organization

本研究嘗試整理個人債務處理的社工服務模式，採質性研究的深入訪談，訪談對象分為三類，共計5位，包括：Ａ單位主責社工1位，工作年資近10年、財團法人法律扶助基金會（以下簡稱法扶）行政部門主管1位、法扶具處理個人債務7年以上經驗之律師共3位，以及機構文件分析。研究探討包括，（一）社工的服務階段，各階段所運用之服務方法及理論觀點；（二）債務處理的專業合作、以及（三）理債過程中的多面向阻礙與因應等三部份。在社工服務階段部分，前端服務－債務評估階段是以個案工作方法，危機介入與問題解決取向的理論觀點為主。第二階段是司法過程－陪伴階段，個案工作與團體工作並用，問題解決取向與認知行為學派是主要觀點。第三階段是後續追蹤階段，以團體工作為主，採取認知行為學派的服務取向。法扶律師對於社工專業的功能，提出三大類的看法，第一是社工可以在進入司法程序前以及在整個程序過程中提供心理支持與陪伴；第二是追蹤理債的進展，與律師相互合作。第三是律師發現債務人有經濟、心理、醫療等需要，也可轉介給社工，減緩債務人的生活壓力，使其更有力量去完成司法程序。社工也需要理解債務處理過程中可能會遇到的各類阻礙，其來自於債務人本身、債務人家屬、司法相關單位、社會經濟環境的變化等，在這些阻礙相互影響之下，加深了理債的難度。尤其是面對結構性與制度性的議題，個案倡議（case advocacy）以及政策倡議（policy advocacy）也是未來可以努力的方向。整體而言，本文希冀提供社工界對於個人債務處理的基本知能；同時，社福機構可開發與法扶的服務網絡，以及推動對債務人去汙名化的社會行動。

The purpose of this study is to explore the social work service model of personal debt management. The service model includes three-step service provisions. During the first stage, clients need to seek the legal assistance from Legal Aid Foundation, Taiwan. During the second stage, social workers help clients overcome various obstacles in the legal processes. The final stage is the follow-up stage which is designed to help clients manage their financial conditions and pay all the debts. Case work methods mainly are used in the first and second stages. Group work methods are used in the second and the third stages. Crisis intervention approach can be applied in the first stage. Problem-solving approach can be applied in the first and second stages. Cognitive behavioral approach can be used in the second and final stages. The lawyers of Legal Aid Foundation also see social worker as important partners. Social workers can facilitate communications and negotiations between lawyers and debtors during the debt settlement process. Finally, obstacles both at micro and macro levels may negatively affect help-seeking intentions of debtors. For the structural and institutional limitations, case advocacy and policy advocacy need to be promoted. In sum, this paper presents the basic skills and knowledge of this service model. The importance of the service network between social work professionals and lawyers has been emphasized. Finally, social actions against debt stigma also need to be considered.