| 英文摘要 |
This paper explores how Chinese Buddhists since the Ming dynasty employed a specific type of funeral documents to prepare for rebirth in the Pure Land. It also discusses how these documents transformed into various folk forms. This type of documents are called xifang gongju (西方公據) or xifang gongju luyin (西方公據路引), usually in the form of a pamphlet or a few single pages.
The paper first traces the Chinese origins of the xifang gongju luyin. It then analyzes the similarities and differences between six xifang gongju pamphlets and eight constitutive elements of xifang gongju luyin. Finally, the paper compares the differences in ideology and usage between Buddhist and Daoist luyin that were concurrently prevalent. Through this analysis, the paper presents the distinctive features of xifang gongju luyin and the role they played in funerary occasions. This allows us to understand how Ming and Qing Buddhists changed their knowledge of the Pure Land teachings into concrete religious practices as they faced the end of life. In addition, the paper investigates how ordinary people appropriate these practices and adapt them to more accessible and expedient funeral customs. |
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