論運動是性別化的「操演」？或是「越界」？

Are Gender Differences in Sports Caused by ''Performativity'' or ''Crossing''

運動是以身體的表現作為依歸，身體生理本質上的差異事實，深化了性別化的意識形態，以及與男性氣概特質的連結，運動遂成為討論性別及男性氣概的重要領域。當今對性別的看法，將性別視為一種行為的「操演」，操演能展現運動性別化的本質、多元／複合性男性氣概的事實，更指向是一種權力的實踐。另外，性別「越界」是當今討論的另一個重要概念，越界不僅展現運動性別二元化的轉變、性別多元化的社會現況，更是性別權力的實質改變。本研究的目的在於釐清性別「操演」及「越界」意涵與關係，並提出運動在性別議題的可行途徑。方法上採論述分析，聚焦於文本上的脈絡化，以及權力上的關係化，作為文本鋪陳的核心概念。研究的結論指出：其一、「操演」及「越界」展現性別權力的反抗與屈服，總是同時的存在與相互的抵抗，操演具有越界反抗的意涵，越界也具有操演規訓的痕跡，存在所謂的互為文本性；其二、在運動與男性氣概的論述基礎上，提出運動在性別議題上的可行途徑，分別為德行宣揚作為主要內容、身體操演作為論述核心、脈絡關係作為權力圖像，及性別特質作為優勢表徵。為被視為性別盲的運動學術發展，及被過度負面標籤的運動男性氣概，做出專業上的補足及回應。

Sports are a way for the body to express itself. The physical differences between men and women have contributed to people's different perceptions of the different genders and their understanding of ''masculinity,'' and sports have become a means to ''showcase'' the different genders and masculinity. Today, genders are considered a type of behavioral ''performativity,'' where performativity can illustrate the differences between men and women in sports. Diversified/complex masculinity is a representation of power, and gender ''crossing'' has become an important topic discussed today. Gender crossing highlights the differences between men and women in sports, the increasing prevalence of gender diversity, and changes in gender power. Accordingly, this study investigated the meanings of and relationships between ''performativity'' and ''crossing,'' and proposed how sports could be used to explore the topic of ''gender.'' A discourse analysis was performed to identify the differences and power relationships between men and women in sports. The study conclusions are as follows: First, ''performativity'' and ''crossing'' resist each other but become slowly assimilated over time; that is, ''performativity'' carries the implications of ''crossing,'' and vice versa, making them interconnected. Second, regarding the relationships between sports and masculinity, this study proposed how sports can be used to discuss the issue of gender, promoting virtues that respond to criticisms addressed in masculinity-related studies, using physical performativity in sports to address social issues, considering gender and power relationships in current social context, and respecting gender differences between men and women. The study results can be used to drive gender-blind academic development and accurately respond to the overly stigmatized notion of sports masculinity.