論公司外部表示行為的法律邏輯

On the Legal Logic of External Representation Behavior of Companies

公司法以調整公司的設立、運營和解散為主要目的；其規範構造也主要採用內部生效規則；與合同法等交易法主要關注外部合同如何成立、生效有明顯不同。這種公司法與合同法分野的邏輯；雖有利於區分不同部門法律規範的調整任務及分工；卻忽視了交易實踐的複雜性；以及公司內部治理干預特定交易之成立對於維持公司法人格的重要性。公司法依託合同工具而成立；對於公司這一擬制主體；仍需解決基於董事或經理等自然人之代理行為而成立的交易如何歸屬於公司的問題。公司法首先建立了代理行為的“合法原則”與“職務原則”。同時；區分常規交易與特定交易；前者僅需董事、經理或雇員等自然人的個人行為即可成立；後者尚需取得公司內部機構的審議或同意即私法上的批准行為方可成立。因此；公司交易可能是由一元性的表示行為構成；也可能是由二元性或多元性的表示行為構成。公司股東會或董事會等內部治理機構的批准行為；不僅具有形成公司內部意思的效果；還具有決定外部交易是否成立生效的表示行為的力量。合同行為造就了公司；公司也不應完全游離在合同效力之外。唯此；才能形成控制公司代理人行為的有效機制。

The main purpose of company law is to adjust the establishment, operation and dissolution of companies, and its normative structure also mainly adopts the“internal effective”rules, which is obviously different from transaction laws such as contract law that mainly focus on how to establish and validate external contracts. This logic of division between company law and contract law, is conducive to distinguishing the adjustment tasks and division of labor of different branches of law, but ignores the complexity of the transaction practice, as well as the importance of internal governance intervention in the establishment of specific transactions to maintain corporate legal personality. The company law is established on the basis of the contract instrument, but for the entity of the company, it is still necessary to address the issue of how transactions established based on the agency behavior of natural persons such as directors or managers belong to the company. The company law firstly establishes the“legal principle”and“duty principle”of agency behaviors. At the same time, it distinguishes between regular transactions and specific transactions. The former only requires the individual conduct of a natural person such as a director, manager or employee, while the latter requires the approval or consent from internal company institutions-a private legal approval behavior. Therefore, a corporate transaction may consist of expression act of“monism”or“duality or diversity”. The approval of internal governance institutions such as the shareholders’meeting or the board of directors not only has the effect of forming internal intentions of the company, but also has the power to determine whether external transactions are established and effective. Contractual behavior creates a company, and the company should not detach from the contractual effect. Only in this way can an effective mechanism be formed to control the behavior of the company agents.