消費信貸視角下個人破產免責的理念與規則

The Concepts and Legal Rules ofIndividual Insolvency Exemption from the Perspective of Consumer Credit

相較於經營性負債的免責，消費負債在個人破產中的免責存在更為顯著的理念證成難題與規則設置難題。從消費信貸的視角來看，免責以破產消費者遭遇生活風險和以盡力償債為前提，不屬 對借貸消費與逃廢債的縱容，與社會傳統觀念並無實質沖突。個人破產免責制度應當踐行以人民為中心的發展思想，具備釋放和有效控制和釋放消費信貸金融風險，以及激勵破產消費者盡力償債並使之獲得重生的功能。為此，應構建“寬嚴相濟”的個人破產免責制度：構建合理高效的免責程序，包括實現清算免責程序與破產程序的同步化，破產清算採用許可免責但不設置免責考察期，重整計劃或和解計劃執行完畢後設置自動免責；在清算免責、重整免責以及和解免責之間設置階梯狀的免責條件，包括遞減的不予免責事由、不予免責債務以及二次破產的免責限制等。

Compared with the exemption of operating debts, the exemption of consumer debts in individual insolvency has more significant problems of the proof of concept and the setting of legal rules. However, from the perspective of consumer credit, exemption is based on the premise that bankrupt consumers encounter life risks and try their best to repay debts. The exemption does not support borrowing for consumption or debt evasion, nor does it have any real conflict with the traditional values of society. Further, a reasonable insolvency discharge system of the individual practicing the development concept of putting the people at the center, should have the function of effectively controlling and releasing the financial risks of consumer credit on the onehand; and on the other hand, have the function of motivating bankrupt consumers to try their best torepay their debts and reborn. Accordingly, at present, Chinese individual insolvency legislation should be based on the concept of combining tolerance and strictness. First, build a reasonable and efficient exemption procedure: realize the synchronization of the liquidation exemption procedure and the liquidation insolvency procedure; the liquidation insolvency should adopt the permission exemption doctrine but should not set an exemption inspection period; after the implementation of the reorganization plan or reconciliation plan exemption should be automatically realized. Second,set up gradually relaxed ladder - like exemption conditions between liquidation exemption, reorganization exemption and reconciliation exemption, including gradually reducing legalsituations and gradually narrowing scope of debts for non-exemption, and tapering restrictions for secondary insolvency exemption, etc.