風險社會條件下行政追償模式的解析與完善

Analysis and Improvement of Administrative Recovery Mode under the Conditions of Risk Society

在國家賠償與追償制度的發展過程中，追償制度的功能發揮不夠充分，其規范化程度不足，實踐成效未達至理想狀態。問題的根源在於對行政追償性質定位不明，制度功能層面存在認識誤區。根據我國行政法的規定，國家賠償與追償共同構成雙階層責任分配體系，在制度功能意義上應當實現分階段運行的國家、公務員和受害人三方主體的利益平衡機制，因而需在整體視域下對兩個階段、三方主體予以系統性觀察。目前在國家賠償的“自己責任說”與“代位責任說”視角下的兩種追償主張均存在某種不足之處，而風險歸責視角下的“組織責任說”能克服責任歸屬平面化、單一化的弊端，依“組織責任說”建構的國家賠償與追償的雙階層責任分配體系，通過統合自己責任、代位責任與混合責任，增強了該體系的適應性。從風險分配的視角重新審視過錯界定，體現了行政追償從外部責任向內部責任的轉向，但行政追償權仍然是法律明文授予的單方決定權，並非單純的內部懲戒權。該項制度的功能在於以矯正正義為宗旨，對前一階段國家賠償責任的再分配。

In the process of the development of the state compensation and recovery system, the function of the recovery system is not enough to play, the degree of standardization is insufficient, and the effectiveness of the practice is not up to the ideal state. The root of the problem lies in the nature of the administrative recovery positioning is unclear, the system function cognitive level there is a misunderstanding. According to China's administrative law, in the sense of the system structure of the state compensation and recovery together constitute a two-class responsibility distribution system, in the sense of the system function should realize the phased operation of the state, civil servants and victims of the tripartite subjects of the balance of interest mechanism, and therefore need to be in the overall perspective of the two phases of the tripartite subjects to be systematic observation. Currently on the state compensation " their own responsibility" and " subrogation" perspective of the two recovery claims have some deficiencies, and risk attribution perspective of the "organization's responsibility that The "organizational responsibility theory" from the perspective of risk attribution can overcome the shortcomings of flatness and homogeneity of responsibility attribution, and the dual - class responsibility allocation system of state compensation and recovery constructed according to the organizational responsibility theory enhances the adaptability of the system by integrating its own responsibility, personal responsibility and mixed responsibility. From the perspective of risk allocation to re-examine the definition of fault, reflecting the administrative recovery from the external responsibility to internal responsibility of the shift, but administrative recovery is still the law expressly granted the right to unilateral decision-making, not purely internal disciplinary power. The function of this system lies in the redistribution of the previous stage of state compensation liability with the purpose of corrective justice.