仁心與真實──理學中的「心外無物」思想

Moral Mind and The Reality——The Proposition“Nothing Outside the Mind”of Neo-Confucianism

宋明理學所論「心外無物」之心是指道德心、仁心。仁心與認識心不同，在認識心中事物呈現為心靈以外的對象，在仁心中事物則呈現出與心靈活動的自明性無差別的真實性，與心靈無內外之別。仁心中所呈現的其實就是事物的本來面目。事物是持存的，仁心則圄於人類心靈而有間斷之時。「南鎮觀花」一案中，王陽明指出仁心中事物有兩種狀態，當事物未進入人類心靈時，其與仁心同歸於寂，當其進入人類心靈時則與仁心同時明白起來，從而解釋了為何人的心靈活動有間斷，仁心中的事物卻是持存的。陽明等心學學者所理解的此種仁心其實就是事物本身靈動、活動的一面。通過提出「心外無物」的命題，理學家以一種特殊的方式為世界的真實性作出了有力的論證。

In the proposition“nothing outside the mind”stated by Neo- Confucianism philosophers, the mind means moral mind. Unlike other aspects of the mind, things are not objects in the moral mind, and their authenticity is the same as the mind itself. Indeed, what shows in the moral mind is just the reality of things. The reality of things is persistent, whereas the mental activity of human beings is temporary. For this, Wang Yang Ming figured out that things in the moral mind own two modes. When they do not appear, they keep silent with the moral mind; when they appear, they suddenly become clear together with the moral mind. In Wang’s perspective, moral mind is just the reality of things.