共產中國的宗教問題：以黨國與基督教關係為中心的考察

The Religious Question in Communist China: The Relationship between the Party-State and Protestant Christianity

自清末至民國，以至1949年後共產政權，在時代巨變中，宗教一直要應對來自國家權力的挑戰。中共建國後，宗教在社會主義社會的存在與消亡，始終是意識形態領域的核心議題。革命政權在建構其合法性過程中，如何理解及處理宗教問題？中國宗教市場經歷了怎樣的改造？這些都是探討共產中國的宗教問題時有待釐清的。本文依循政教關係的分析框架，以歷史研究方法呈現1949至1966年間中共如何理解及處理基督教問題。全文首先以黨國與宗教的關係為背景，勾劃中共在革命時代對宗教問題的理解，特別是意識形態與現實政治的互動下，如何為黨國介入宗教領域提供行動依據；其次，以制度作切入點，重構黨國與宗教組織的關係，涉及宗教管控體制的形成及演變，尤重國家權力對中國宗教市場的宏觀與微觀干預。最後，以革命時代的「泛政治化」為背景，分析宗教組織如何回應政治的挑戰。

Looking back to the turbulent history from the late Qing dynasty to Republican China as well as the Communist regime after 1949, the challenges from state power have always been a matter of great concern of religions in China. After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the existence and demise of religion in socialist society has always been a core ideological issue. How has the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), as a revolutionary regime, understood and dealt with the religious question in the process of legitimacy building? How has China’s religious market been remolded and reconstructed amid radical political change? These are the kinds of questions that need to be clarified when investigating the religious question in Communist China. Adopting an analytical framework of religio-political relations, the present paper attempts to reconstruct the Party-state policy towards Protestant Christianity from the founding of the PRC to the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution. First, regarding the relationship between state and religion, how did the Party-state understand the religious question? More specifically, within the interactions between ideological considerations and realpolitik, how was a basis provided for the Party-state to involve itself in the field of religion? Second, with respect to the relationship between state and church, in what ways did the revolutionary regime manage to intervene in the religious market of China by installing a new institutional apparatus for religious affairs? Special emphasis is placed on the intrusion of state power at both the macro and micro level. Finally, focusing on the relationship between politics and religious organizations, this paper analyzes how the Protestant Church responded to political challenges in the context of“politicization”of the revolutionary era. How did political ideology reshape the theological discourse of Christianity in China?