《左傳》、《國語》、《周禮》「賦」之具體內容考論

Textual Research on the Specific Contents of“Fù”in“Zuo Zhuan”,“Guo Yu”and“Zhou Li”

左傳》、《國語》與《周禮》所載「賦」內容主要有四大類：第一是武器兵車，包括兵車、兵器武備、馬、牛、大車（重）等。此外須強調兵器絕非徵發自民間，係由國家統一製作與管理。至於製作兵器者，依《周禮．冬工考工記》則有「輪人」、「輿人」等職官，皆由國家供以穀物為祿，長期且世代任職本業以製作武備，故無民間自製兵器之事。第二是製作兵器武備之原料，如鐵、青銅及龜、珠、齒、皮、革、羽、毛、骨角等。第三是米糧，包含禾、芻、米等穀物。依《周禮》相關記載，「賦」徵發米糧貯藏於各地主要道路旁設置以供人員休息、用餐、住宿之「廬」、「宿」、「市」；此外依《左傳》、《國語》記載，應另有大型米倉積存穀物。第四是人員，包括戰鬥人員與後勤人員。《周禮》有「鄉」、「遂」、「采地」三套行政系統，「鄉」、「遂」系統於國家發動戰爭時須供應戰鬥人員與後勤人員，擁有「采地」之卿大夫亦須提供戰鬥人員與後勤人員之「賦」予國家調遣。

There are four major types of “fù” contained in “Zuo Zhuan”, “Guo Yu” and “Zhou Li”: The first type is weapons and military vehicles, and it is including military vehicles, weapons and equipment, horses, oxen, and bullock-carts (for heavy supplies). In addition, it must be emphasized that weapons are not levied on civilians, but are uniformly produced and managed by the State. According to “Zhou Li”, those who make weapons are officials such as “lún rén” and “yú rén”. Their salaries are paid by the State with grains, and they have been worked for a long time and for generations to make weapons, so there is no such thing as private weapons. The second type is the materials for producing weapons such as iron, bronze, tortoiseshells, pearls, ivories, animal skins, rhino skins, feathers, yak tails, and animal's bones etc. The third type is grain such as grass, hay and rice. According to “Zhou Li”, there were officials managed grain, and the storage were always located beside the main roads in cities so that they could provide service for people to rest, eat and stay such as “lú”, “sù” and “shì”. Besides, according to the records in “Zuo Zhuan” and “Guo Yu”, it is known that there should be a large barn for storing grain. The fourth type is personnel: it is including combatants and logistics personnel. There were three administrative systems- “xiāng”, “suì” and “cài dì” in “Zhou Li”. The systems “xiāng” and “suì” had the duty to send combatants and logistics personnel when the State launched a war. Those high rank officials who had “cài dì” needed to provide “fù”; therefore, they sent their servants to the military of State as combatants and logistics personnel for dispatch.