西學東流與書籍交流：近代越南《新訂國民讀本》的歐亞旅程

Dissemination of Western Learning in the East and the Book Exchange: A Study of the Late Imperial Vietnam's Revised Version of the Citizen Reader

近世「西學東漸」運動在東亞漢字文化圈包括書籍在內，有較為廣泛的影響。本文針對越南「東京義塾」1907年木刻出版的《新訂國民讀本》尋找源流。通過東西書籍的對照研究，指出其書的最早來源是英人Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster（1855-1909）於1886年在英國出版的The Citizen Reader（意味著「國民讀本」）。英國本教材很快名聞世界，在19世紀末傳入日本，受到熱烈的歡迎。日本教育家很快加以模仿而編寫出幾部日本語《國民讀本》。二十世紀初葉，某一日本語版又影響中國，出現1903年漢語的《國民讀本》。通過越南當時的「新書運動」，漢語《國民讀本》又流傳到越南，當時越南教育改革家亦模仿並節略中國本而「新訂」成爲越南漢文版《新訂國民讀本》。因此，越南的這部教材具有英國、日本和中國書籍的三重影響，說明近世東西書籍交流和影響不只十分複雜，亦極為有趣。各個國家的編撰者在他們的教科書中都創造了新的「區別」，但是，無論如何改變，各國版本都保留了新學與西方知識的核心問題。

The process of ''dissemination of Western learning in the East,'' including book exchange and influence, took place in all countries in the region of Sinitic culture in East Asia. This paper traces the sources of the Revised Version of the Citizen Reader published by the Tonkin Free School in Vietnam in 1907. Through research and comparison with bibliographic sources from East and West, the paper surmises that the originary source of that work is The Citizen Reader by Arnold-Forster (1855-1909), first published in England in 1886. This book quickly became celebrated, and it was transmitted to and widely used in Japan as early as the late nineteenth century. Japanese people soon imitated it to compile different versions of The Citizen Reader. One of those Japanese versions has influenced a version of The Citizen Reader by Zhu Shuren published in China in 1903. The Chinese version in turn spread its influence to Vietnam, causing Vietnamese literati at the beginning of the twentieth century to imitate, abridge and recompile it into the Revised Version of the Citizen Reader (1907). The Vietnamese book has therefore experienced three layers of influece from England, Japan and China, which helps us to imagine the process of book exchange from the West to the East and the modernization of knowledge in the late imperial period. Though the authors from each country have given their books their distinctiveness through the supplement of local knowledge, regardless of the changes, the publications in the various countries still maintain a core of new learning and Western knowledge.