論道德與知識兩種辯證關係：朱子格藢致知說重探

On the Twofold Dialectical Relationship between Morality and Knowledge: Re-exploring Zhu Xi's Approach of Gewu Zhizhi

本文從道德與知識的辯證關係切入，藉以重新探討朱子格物致知說之得失。首先，就成德之道德實踐層面看道德與知識的關係，相對於朱子欲以外求與內省並重的方式成就道德修養，陸王則看出知識無法建立道德意識，或是提供道德動力，對此實有較正確的體認，特別是王陽明對良知與見聞之分判，釐清了二者間「主從的辯證關係」，亦即：在道德判斷「前」與「後」，經驗知識皆具有提供資訊與內容的作用，所以對判斷具有輔助之角色，但因仍受道德意識之主導，縱有相互作用之關係，仍是以道德意識為主，經驗知識為從。然而換個角度來看，基於倫理知識作為道德判斷「中」具有主導力之前結構，知識與道德亦呈現出一種「對列的辯證關係」。朱子則已意識到倫理知識對解決道德兩難之重要性，並涉及如何建立一種處理之應變模式。比之於陽明主張只要平時立得良知，遇事再精察義理於此心感應酬酢之間，實更為深入而周到。於是，其格物致知說亦有陽明所不及之處，而可證朱子「去兩短、合兩長」說法之合理性。

This article is intended to analyze anew the strengths and weaknesses of Zhu-Xi's doctrine in terms of the dialectical relationship between morality and knowledge. On the one hand, it is arguably true that Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming excel at grasping this correlation on the practical front; for Zhu-Xi attempts to achieve moral character by recourse to both cognitive and reflective approaches, whereas Lu and Wang insist that knowledge is unable to provide moral motivation. In particular, Wang's division between liangzhi and jianwen sheds light on the subordinately dialectical relationship between morality and knowledge. That is, empirical knowledge acts as the assistant of moral judgment in that the former offers relevant information before and after our judgment. On the other side of the coin, there exists a type of reciprocally dialectical relationship between morality and knowledge insofar as ethical knowledge plays the role of pre-structure when we are making moral judgment. Zhu-Xi is considerably aware of the influence of ethical knowledge over our handling of moral dilemmas, as well as talking about how to figure out a practice for dealing with these dilemmas. Contrary to Zu-Xi, Wang Yangming asserts that the only effective way to settle moral dilemmas is to solidify our moral conscience and sharpen our moral sense, along with absorbing necessary knowledge while we are facing a moral dilemma. In this respect, Zhu-Xi demonstrates better understanding than that of Wang Yangming. Accordingly, Zhu is justified in advising Confucianists to develop the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses of the two sides.