清順治京師詩壇之盛世話語：以北籍仕清文人為考察

Jing Shi Poetic Circle of a Flourishing Period during Qing Dynasty Shunzhi (1644-1661)–An Examination of the North Ching Official literati

順治年間，京師聚集了大批歷經世變而後仕於清的北籍文人，他們高居顯職，出入廟堂，從事各項文藝活動，深具影響力。本文專論這一批文人的雅正詩學主張。先從晚明談起，辨析晚明北地文人，論詩力主醇雅清和，乃為了矯正其時枯澹浮艷的詩風。次論北籍文人仕清之後，持續倡導合乎性情之正，復歸詩教風雅的真詩，順治年間的京師詩壇遂呈現雅正平和的盛世之音，溫柔敦厚的詩教也被賦予新義。同時，北籍仕清文人轉以書寫主體為重心，提出詩的體格、聲音才是鑑別正變的準則，使得詩風與世風脫鈎，詩歌風雅和時代盛衰不再休戚相關。而無論從書寫主體或詩歌本身，北籍仕清文人論詩總不離雅道，作詩必須合乎溫柔敦厚。最後，北籍仕清文人的風雅詩教，開創性或許有限，卻呼應了新王朝開創盛世的文治要求，並且彰顯順治與康熙二朝之間京師醇雅詩風的關聯。

During the Shunzhi Era, there were assembled a large number of the Ching official literati from the north who experienced the dynastic change. They were in a high position in the royal court, they were engaged in all kind of activities about literature and art, and had a big influence at that time. This paper is intended as an investigation of the literati who treated the refinement and standard of the poetic as a doctrine. Let us discuss the subject from late Ming period, the literati from the north advocated that poetry should be pure, honest and fresh, in order to rectify the quaint and mysterious manner of poetry.
Secondly, after serving the Ching government, the literati from the North declared that the poetry should conform with “Gentle and Honest” in The Book of Songs(詩經) constantly, and we could call it as a real poem. Jing Shi Poetic Circle arose a flourishing age of refinement and standard during the Shunzhi era, and the concepts of gentle and honest were endowed with a new meaning. At the same time, the literati from the north had the respect to the creators, and thought that “Orthodoxy-Variation” viewpoint of poetry should be differentiated from its style, meter and sounds of poetry and literary composition. Hence, it made the standard of the poetry without the connection with the prosperity and decline of the dynasty anymore. Regardless of from the author himself or from the style of the meter and sounds of poetry, the literati from the north can't always depart refinement and standard of the poetry, and it should be corresponded to gentle and honest.
At last, the inauguration or a little bit confined of the fluctuation of literary pursuit of the literati from the north was responded to the need of founding a prosperity of a dynasty in Ching dynasty, and it also manifested the association with the refined and standard manner in a poetry during the Shunzhi and Kangxi era. Keywords: