《慧琳音義》引玄奘《藥師經》梵漢詞彙對比

A Comparative Study of the Sanskrit-Chinese Lexicon in Xuan-Zang's Sutra of the Medicine Buddha Based on Pronunciation and Meaning in the Buddhist Scriptures Compiled by Huilin

本文主要探討《慧琳音義》中玄奘所譯《藥師經》的38個語詞，找出其梵文對應詞，並進行梵漢詞彙對比。本文有幾項發現：第一，《慧琳音義》收錄的詞彙有一大部分是其意思與傳統中國古典文獻有所不同，如「偏袒」、「稠林」、「無明」、「所翫」和「軒窓」等。第二，透過梵漢對比，本文發現一些詞語經過翻譯後，意思跟梵文有不一致的地方，如「熊羆」、「鞭撻」、「蠱道」等。第三，本文修正梵文本兩處的錯誤，如「白癩」應翻自śvitrāḥkuṣṭhāḥ，而不是śvitrāḥkuṇḍāḥ；「懸險」應翻自prapāta，而不是pratāpa。總之，在透過梵漢對比研究玄奘《藥師經》38個詞彙的過程中，筆者發現了許多有趣的議題，也可藉此釐清漢譯詞的一些意義，並比較中印文化之不同。

This paper investigates the 38 terms in Xuan-Zang's Sutra of the Medicine Buddha 《藥師經》based on Pronunciation and Meaning in the Buddhist Scriptures Compiled by Huilin 《慧琳音義》, and the corresponding Sanskrit words are compared. Through a comparative study of the lexicon, the followings are explored: first, most of the words compiled by Huilin are those whose meanings are somewhat different from those in Chinese classical literature, for example, “piantan” 「偏袒」, “choulin” 「稠林」, “wuming” 「無明」, “suowan” 「所翫」, and “xuanchuang” 「軒窓」, etc. Second, the paper finds that the meanings of some Chinese terms do not correspond faithfully to their Sanskrit counterparts, for example, “xiongpi” 「熊羆」、”bianta” 「鞭撻」and “gudao”「蠱道」. Finally, this paper corrects two Sanskrit terms based on the Chinese translations, for example, “bailai” 「白癩」 should be translated from “śvitrāḥ kuṣṭhāḥ,” but not from “śvitrāḥ kuṇḍāḥ,” and “xuanxian” 「懸險」 from “prapāta,” but from “pratāpa.” In sum, the author clarifies the meanings of some Chinese terms, and compares the differences between Chinese and Indian cultures through a comparative study of the Sanskrit-Chinese lexicon.