建構多世代間的近鄰居住型態探討高齡照顧模式之研究

Exploring Models of Elderly Care Through New Living Arrangements for Different Generations

台灣2025年將是突破老齡人口20%的超高齡社會；根據本研究調查，世代之間的居住以佔57%是互為鄰居的照顧方便為前提的居住型態。可以見得的是高齡者在照顧模式裡，已經脫離了過去傳統說的三代同堂。這或許是建築技術精進，讓高樓垂直住居的意願方式，開始與過去三代同堂差異所形式的鄰居共居狀態。也或許是高齡者以在原居住地慣習導致高齡者不願意遷移改變他處的結果。不論是如何，確實居住型態以從多代同堂的養兒防老方式，轉變為世代間多戶住居的環境。本研究以問卷調查進行世代之間居住建構方式，更在互為照顧意願的需求上將居住方式進行探討；其目的是在了解居住架構，高齡照顧與世代間互為照顧需求之模式；且針對環境之中還能夠有些什麼在未來上的調整以及進行建議探討之研究。經本研究調查發現，以多世代同鄰多為建構，多戶鄰近居住的條件下仍然保有著以關懷照顧的傳統模式。鄰近居住的型態可稱為代間同鄰，或是異世代近居的居住型態的涵義思維。在研究中可以探究到家庭成員會有不同的居住需求期待，因此不同世代之間，在居住上還是期盼分戶的方式獨立，且不互相因為生活慣習而干擾的居住品質。因此，保有近距離且容易聯繫的居住條件下，替代同住一個屋簷下的照顧模式。經進一步深入調查理解後，多世代之間彼此在居住上的距離是決定照顧模式的最主要思維；若以徒步而言，5到10分鐘的距離視為互相期望的最佳距離想法。此為新都市主義對於同社區範圍內的共居尺度，大約400公尺可及照顧的居住環境範圍。生活各方面亦可隨時獲得家庭成員之間相互關愛以及緊急支援上的照顧。其研究結果，不同年齡的家庭成員對居住安排有不同的需求和期望，他們更喜歡住在附近而不是住在同一屋簷下。年輕人和老年人住所之間的距離是多代人居住安排的關鍵。該結論對住房政策、社會政策和建築設計具有實證貢獻。

Taiwan is set to become a super-aged society by 2025, which is defined as 20% of the population being aged 65 or older. Our findings revealed that in today’s model of care, many senior people no longer live in a three-generation household, and multigenerational living has risen to 57%, in which younger adults live nearby and take care of older adults. Reasons for this include advanced architectural technology creating vertical communities where people live on different floors in the same high-rise building or older adults simply less willing to relocate as they age. Whatever the reason, current living arrangements have changed from three-generation cohabitation in which younger adults (children) care for older adults (parents) under one roof to multigenerational living. This study used a questionnaire survey to explore multigenerational living arrangements, especially because people’s willingness to mutually provide care for each other could affect their choice of living arrangements. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship among living structures, elderly care, and mutual caring in order to identify an appropriate model. This study also sought to identify improvements in future environments and accordingly provide suggestions. The survey results indicated that when family members from different generations live in close quarters, they still look after each other without the need to cohabit in a three-generation home. This type of living arrangement is called“multiple generations living in close quarters”or“intergenerational community.”Family members of different ages were also found to have different needs and expectations about living arrangements, and as such, they preferred to live on different floors to ensure independent living and a better living quality. Therefore, a new model of care has emerged where family members prefer to live in close proximity rather than living under the same roof. Further investigation also revealed that the distance between the homes of the younger adults and that of the older adults is key to multigenerational living arrangements. The majority of respondents agreed that a distance of 5-10 minutes on foot was deemed as living close to each other. This echoes New Urbanism, which defines“living in close quarters”as every family member living within a 400 m radius of each other to regularly support and visit their loved ones including in times of need. Its findings show that family members of different ages have different needs and expectations for living arrangements, and they prefer to live nearby rather than under the same roof. The distance between the homes of young and old is key to multigenerational living arrangements. This conclusion has an empirical contribution to housing policy, social policy and architectural design.