援引日本福島核污水排海的國家責任──“對一切義務”的視角

Invoking National Responsibility for Japan's Fukushima Nuclear Wastewater Discharge: The Perspective of ''Obligation Erga Omnes''

日本福島核污水排海的“決定”以及“準備”行為均違反了保護海洋環境的“對一切義務”，既違反了“對整個國際社會的對一切義務”，也違反了《聯合國海洋法公約》下“對締約各方的對一切義務”，可歸因於國家，構成國際不法行為。“實際損害”不應成為國際環境法中國家責任構成的必備要件，日本應該承擔國家責任。日本福島核污水排海產生目前屬於沒有主要權利人的“對一切義務”法律關係，即沒有所謂（直接）受害國。而《國家對國際不法行為的責任條款草案》對“受害國”含義由“權利導向型”到“義務導向型”的轉化，也使有權援引國家責任的主體不再限於“受害國”。從國家實踐來看，比利時訴塞內加爾或引渡或起訴義務案表明條約中載有仲裁條款的，非直接受害國可以訴請國際法院援引另一國違反“對締約各方對一切義務”的國家責任。綜上，現階段，《聯合國海洋法公約》的各締約國可以基於“對一切義務”訴請日本以停止國際不法行為、提供不重複的承諾和保證的方式承擔國家責任。

Both of the ''decision'' and ''preparation'' behaviors of Japan's Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge to the sea violate the ''obligation erga omnes'' to protect the marine environment, not only ''an obligation erga omnes'', but also ''an obligation erga omnes partes'' under the ''Convention'', which constitute an internationally wrongful act that can be attributed to the state, and ''actual damage'' is not a necessary element forming state responsibility in international environmental law, thereof Japan should bear state responsibility. Japan's Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge is currently a legal relationship of ''obligation erga omnes'' without major rights holders, that is, there are no so-called directly injured states. And the ''Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts'' transforms the meaning of ''injured state'' from ''right-oriented'' to ''duty-oriented'', which also make the subjects entitled to invoke state responsibility no longer confined to the ''injured state'' limit. In the light of state practice, the case of Belgium v. Senegal to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite shows that if the treaty contains such clauses, the not directly injured states may appeal to the International Court of Justice to invoke the state responsibility of another state for breaching ''an obligation erga omnes partes''. To sum up, at the present stage, all contracting parties to the Convention have the locus standi of resorting to ''obligation erga omnes'' and requesting Japan to assume state responsibility by stopping internationally wrongful acts and providing non-repeated commitments and guarantees.