俄烏衝突下美國對華次級制裁的違法性分析及對策研究

Analysis of the Illegality and Countermeasures of U. S. Secondary Sanctions Against China under the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

俄烏衝突爆發以來，增加了美國對華次級制裁的可能性。次級制裁位於國際關系和國際法的灰色邊緣地帶，美國對外單邊經濟制裁主要依據國內法，涉嫌違反系列國際法規則。就條約國際法而言，美國次級制裁一則沒有得到安理會決議授權，有違《聯合國憲章》，二則涉嫌違反WTO、NAFTA等條約規定的義務。根據習慣國際法，次級制裁突破了傳統管轄原則且背離了國家主權平等及不干涉內政原則。反對次級制裁在內的單邊經濟制裁自身，有可能成為一種新的國際習慣。面對俄烏衝突下美國對華次級制裁的風險，中國為維護國家利益，應在法律層面予以充分反制，並深化國際合作以聯合他國力量。同時，企業在進行海外投資時也應注意規避次級制裁所帶來的投資風險，在面對爭議時應善用救濟途徑維護自身合法權益。

Since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the US secondary sanctions against China have been at the highest level in history. Secondary sanctions are located in the marginal area. The US unilateral economic sanctions are mainly based on domestic laws and deviate from the principles and rules of the international law. Under the treaty law, the United States secondary sanctions are not authorized by the Security Council resolution and violate the UN Charter, and those are also suspected of violating obligations under the WTO and NAFTA. According to the customary international law, secondary sanctions break traditional jurisdictional principles and deviate from the principles of sovereign equality of states and non-interference in internal affairs. Opposition to unilateral economic sanctions, including secondary sanctions, is more likely to become a new international custom. Facing the risk of secondary sanctions by the United States under the Russia-Ukraine conflict, China should take legal countermeasures in order to safeguard its national interests, and at the same time deepen international cooperation to unite the forces of other countries. Enterprises should al.so pay attention to avoiding investment risks brought by secondary sanctions when making overseas investments, and should also make good use of remedies to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests in the face of disputes.