論過失不作為犯的義務違反

On the Obligation Violation of Negligent Omission Crime

過失不作為犯中的義務違反包括作為義務的違反和注意義務的違反，其中作為義務與注意義務之間存在何種關係，是過失不作為犯成立構造上的重要問題。由於過失作為犯的存在，以及違反作為義務的行為未必違反注意義務，違反作為義務的行為需要通過注意義務違反的特徵來實現過失正犯與共犯的區分等原因，所以嚴格區分作為義務與注意義務是必要的。作為義務與注意義務在過失不作為犯中所具備的功能不同，應當基於功能論的二層區分對兩者予以明確區分。作為義務違反具有行為識別的功能，將作為刑法評價對象的行為選取出來；而注意義務違反的作用則在於不法屬性的區分，實現限定刑法處罰的範圍的功能，由此可解決作為義務與注意義務的區分難題。

The breach of obligation in negligent omission includes the breach of act obligation and the breach of duty of care. The relationship between act obligation and duty of care is an important issue in the establishment of negligent omission. Because the existence of negligent act as crime and the act of violating act obligation may not violate the duty of care, and the act of violating act obligation needs to distinguish between negligent principal and accomplice through the characteristics of the breach of duty of care, it is necessary to strictly distinguish act obligation and duty of care. The functions of act obligation and duty of care in negligent omission crime are different, so we should make a clear distinction between them based on the two-tier division of functional theory. As a violation of obligation, it has the function of behavior selection, which selects the behavior as the object of criminal law evaluation; The function of breach of duty of care lies in the division of illegal attribute, realizing the function of limiting the scope of criminal punishment, which can solve the problem of division between duty of care and duty of care.