從西方到東方：教練嚴格要求行為的觀點轉移

From West to East: Perspective Shift of Coach Demanding Behaviors

為了能在競爭激烈的運動競技中贏得勝利，教練經常採取嚴格要求的管控，督促運動員全心投入於訓練之中，也讓教練嚴格要求行為成為備受關注的研究議題。過往有關教練嚴格要求行為的研究大多奉行西方文化觀點，援引自我決定論，認為教練嚴格要求行為不僅會削弱運動員投入運動的動機，更有害於運動員的身心健康。然而，在東亞儒家社會中，教練與運動員的互動反映了階級排序與關係主義，教練肩負著發展運動員潛能、教導運動員，以及磨鍊運動員的角色責任。東亞文化的相關研究發現，教練施加挑戰的嚴格要求行為，會被運動員解讀為對自身的器重，跳脫了西方根據自我決定論將嚴格要求行為化約為不良行為的框架。有鑑於文化特色的不同，本研究分別回顧西方與東方關於教練嚴格要求行為的相關研究，並嘗試整合雙方觀點、截長補短。最後，再提出未來展望與建議方向，希望能帶動後續研究持續關注教練嚴格要求行為，增進學術理解與實踐意涵。

Due to the highly competitive nature of sports, coaches tend to adopt strict, controlling behaviors to ensure that athletes apply themselves to their training. Such behavior is thus an important and frequent research topic. Studies in Western contexts mostly adopt self-determination theory and find that demanding behavior by coaches negatively affects athletes’motivation and well-being. However, scholars in East Asian contexts take a different perspective. Specifically, claiming that the coach–athlete relationship reflects the hierarchical and relational principles of Confucianism, these scholars argue that as coaches are responsible for developing athletes’potential, instructing athletes, and honing athletes’skills, East Asian athletes regard demanding behaviors by their coach, such as demanding that athletes achieve high goals, as confirmation of their coach’s belief in their potential and ability. To integrate these different theoretical perspectives from different cultural contexts and contribute to the literature on demanding behaviors by coaches, this study reviews recent research in both Western and Eastern contexts to illustrate the differences and similarities. The results provide directions for future research. It is hoped that follow-up research will further examine demanding behavior by coaches to enhance academic understanding and identify practical implications.