「施恩」與「報恩」：仁慈領導的回顧與展望

Benevolence and Repayment: A Theoretical Review of Benevolent Leadership and Future Directions

華人組織中，受到家庭色彩濃厚且泛家族主義的影響深遠，華人領導者傾向將部屬視為家人般給予關懷與機會，並認為照顧部屬是責無旁貸的義務。根據華人的關係文化傳統，學者以「施恩者與受惠者的互動對偶模式」之觀點來解釋華人企業組織中領導者與部屬間關係的可能影響，稱之為「仁慈領導」，意即領導者對部屬個人的福祉做個別、全面、而長久的關懷。仁慈領導根源於家長式領導理論，針對家長式領導已有不少回顧文章或事後分析論文，不難看出仁慈領導的重要性與顯著性，但截至目前為止，尚未有論文專注且系統性地完整回顧仁慈領導，並探究其特殊性與有效性。有鑑於此，本文企圖以縱貫式的考察，以主題性分析重新檢視仁慈領導理論的過去成果、現在狀況及未來方向。綜而言之，本文將以下列各重點回顧並探討仁慈領導的研究成果。首先，我們將回顧仁慈領導的構念與文化根源；第二、呈現仁慈的理論發展、定義，及構面演化；第三，分析不同觀點的仁慈領導理論；第四，釐清並比較仁慈領導與其他相似領導間的異同；第五，在家長式領導三元模式的脈絡下，檢視仁慈領導的相關研究成果，包括對部屬態度與行為的直接效果，與其中的中介與調節變項。最後，本文將提出未來研究展望，以進一步釐清未解議題，並完整呈現仁慈領導理論之有效性與重要性。

Influenced by family characteristics and pan-familism in Chinese organizations, Chinese leaders tend to treat their subordinates as family members and give them care, opportunities, and believe that taking care of subordinates is a duty-bound obligation. According to the cultural tradition of Chinese relations, scholars interpret the possible impact of the relationship between leaders and subordinates in Chinese business organizations from the perspective of“the interactive dual model of the benefactor and the beneficiary.”They called it“benevolent leadership,”which means that the leader cares for the personal well-being of subordinates individually, comprehensively, and for a long time. Benevolent leadership is rooted in paternalistic leadership theory. There have been many review articles or metaanalysis papers on paternalistic leadership. It is not difficult to see the importance and significance of benevolent leadership. However, there has yet to be a paper that specifically and systematically reviews benevolent leadership and explores its particularity and effectiveness. Given this, this article attempts to re-examine the past achievements, current situation, and future directions of benevolent leadership theory with a longitudinal investigation and a thematic analysis. To sum up, this article would review and discuss the research results of benevolent leadership in the order of the following key points. First, it would review the concept and cultural roots of benevolent leadership. Second, it would present the theoretical development, definition, and dimension evolution of benevolence. Third, it would analyze benevolent leadership theory from different perspectives. Fourth, it would clarify and compare the similarities and differences of benevolent leadership with similar leadership theories. Fifth, it would examine the relevant research results of benevolent leadership in the context of the triad model of paternalistic leadership, including the direct effects on subordinate attitudes and behaviors, as well as the mediating and moderating variables. Finally, after systematically reviewing the research on benevolent leadership, this paper would propose future research prospects to clarify unresolved issues further and comprehensively present the validity and importance of benevolent leadership theory.