─九一八事變前後政府與《大公報》之爭論──以「國家統一」採「武力統一」或「和平統一」為主的分析

Before and after the September 18th Incident Debate between Government and Da Kung Bao social reviews and forums─Analysis on The issue of unification by force or unification by peace''

北伐成功後的中國政局，對於南京的中央政府來說，要維持地方軍事力量與其相抗衡的中央權威，是一項重大的挑戰。蔣介石一方面試圖通過政治措施孤立軍事派系力量，另一方面則隨時準備在需要時，採取適當的軍事措施。雙管齊下的策略，算是成功地幫助蔣介石和平解决了衝突問題。統一國家是他的最终目標，而他的策略也是以和平手段為優先，必要時再用軍事力量，以維持其「中心勢力」的概念。在以國府為中心的政局下，輿論面臨了要以「和平統一」還是以「武力統一」的方式建構國家的爭論。本文以檔案資料、報紙媒體的〈社評〉和〈讀者論壇〉，共同檢視其爭論之內容。研究結果可見，政府是以「和平統一」為目標，面對地方軍系抗拒中央，以政治解決為優先，但亦可採取武力戡亂的方式。而報紙的社論是以國家統一與民眾利益為優先，民眾的輿論則是以安定為前提。三者共同的目標都是希望國家統一，然而達到目標的方法卻有些微差異。九一八事變後，對輿論而言，雖仍是要求內部要統一，但是，國家民族的觀念超越一切，對民眾而言，地域的視角亦昇華至國家主權的領域，而政府政策卻是以安定內部為優先，走在民意之後。

The political situation in China after the successful Northern Expedition was a major challenge for the central government by KMT Government in the Nanjing Decade. to maintain its central authority against the local military forces. After the internal disputes, Chiang Kai-shek tried to isolate the military faction forces through political measures on the one hand, and the military forces on the other, and to prepare for appropriate military measures when needed on the other. The adoption of a pronged strategy was successful in helping Chiang Kai-shek resolve the conflict peacefully. A unified state was always his ultimate goal, and his strategy was to give priority to peaceful means and then use military force when necessary to maintain his concept of central power. At that time, Chinese public opinion was faced with a debate on whether to unify the country by peaceful means or by force. This article examines the controversy through archival materials, newspaper editorials, and readers' forums. The findings show that the government is aiming for peaceful unification, and in the face of local military resistance to the central government, political solution is the priority, but it is also possible to use force to settle the chaos. Newspaper editorials, on the other hand, prioritized national unity and the interests of the people. The public opinion was based on the premise of stability. The common goal of all three was to unify the country, but the ways to achieve the goal were different. After the September 18 Incident, public opinion demanded internal unification, but the concept of nationalism was above all. The perspective of the region is elevated to the realm of the nation. The government, however, prioritized internal stability and came after public opinion.