戰國楚簡「述（遂）」舊讀「墜」之文例再探

Revisiting Textual Examples of“Suì”述(遂) Pronounced as“Zhuì”墜in Chu Slips of the Warring States Period

出土文獻的釋讀，傳世文獻一直扮演著重要的角色，然而在釋讀過程中，除了單純以聲音假借、同義換讀等方式進行外，其中還存在著「趨同」與「立異」的視角，二者間的標準該如何拿捏，其中將涉及到文字符號的歷時演變與文句結構的分析。
本文以戰國楚簡「述（遂）」字為例，就學界通假為「墜」者進行整理，並嘗試分析相關論點，接著就結構論證「述（遂）」動詞屬性，藉由（1）「X＋述（遂）＋Y」與「Y＋述（遂）」的結構；（2）與「失、亡、危」等不及物狀態動詞並列使用等觀點，推定「述（遂）」為不及物狀態動詞。
其次，根據文獻中「卒、終」（不及物狀態動詞）具有「完成、完盡」之義，分析「述（遂）」也同時具有此二義，是故屬於「完盡」義之「述（遂）」宜如字讀，無需通假為「墜」。文中亦進一步分析傳世文獻中何以大量存在具有完盡義「墜」的文例，原因當與文字符號歷時演變有關，如秦簡本身反應出當時以「遂」這個符號涵蓋「述（完成、完盡）、墜（墜落）」用法，以至於影響後來的文字轉寫。文中亦進一步從語言結構指出當「述（遂）」轉寫為不及物動作動詞「墜」後，結構本身也產生相應的變化。最終，歸結楚簡「述（遂）」、傳世文獻「墜」當採「立異」的角度。

Ancient documents have played a crucial role in determining the pronunciations of characters in newly unearthed writings. However, within processes of interpretation, the perspectives of“convergence”and“divergence”stand apart from methods based on phonetic loans and synonymic interchange, the former two of which entail analyses of character evolution and sentence structures.
Taking the character“suì”述（遂）in Chu bamboo slips as an example, the present paper firstly analyzes the scholarly arguments on“zhuì”墜as its phonetic loan and then expounds on its usage as an intransitive verb according to (1) the sentence structures of“X + suì+ Y”and“Y + suì”; and (2) its interchangeable use with intransitive verbs such as“shī”失,“wú”亡, and“wéi”危.
Since the intransitive verbs“zú”卒and“zhōng”終within related documents carry the meanings of“completion”and“accomplishment,”this paper infers that“suì”carries the same meanings. Therefore,“suì”should be pronounced as it is rather than“zhuì.”In addition, this paper addresses the question as to why there are ample textual examples of“zhuì”interpreted as accomplishment in ancient documents, arguing that character evolution is the main underlying reason. For example, bamboo slips dated to the Qin dynasty reveal that the character“suì”encompasses the meanings of“shù”(completion and accomplishment) and“zhuì”(to fall), which influenced the transcription of ensuing characters. Finally, this paper indicates that the sentence structure would change when“suì”is transcribed as the intransitive verb“zhuì.”With the above in mind, it is concluded that we should take the perspective of“divergence”when considering“suì”in Chu slips and“zhuì”within ancient documents.