戰國文字的諧聲繫聯方法

A Method for Linking Phonetic Elements in Warring States Period Writing

面對出土文獻，我們應該假設對於上古音系一無所知，才能真正得出材料自身的音韻體系。所以，如何只用出土文獻材料繫聯聲符、建構韻部，是本文所欲探討的問題。
在戰國文字中，同一詞往往有許多不同的異體，有些是不同聲符的寫法，一般稱為假借。既然這些不同聲符的字都能表示同一詞，就不必認為是借來替代本字；在音韻本質上，本字與假借字的關係就像是同一諧聲系列中的字，「假借」即「諧聲」。藉由重塑諧聲概念，包涵且取代本字與假借字。
如果將諧聲概念拓展到極限，則諧聲現象不僅能繫聯同一聲符、不同音韻的字，還能繫聯同一詞的各個聲符。所謂「同聲必同部」，在戰國文字即是「同詞必同部」。基於這個方法，可以嘗試只使用戰國竹簡材料，繫聯上古韻部。
字與字間的音韻關係，舉凡諧聲、假借、又音、讀若、聲訓等等，雖然呈現形式不同，音韻本質都可以化簡為諧聲。更廣泛地來，同一詞在今日的漢語方言中各有不同讀法，在域外漢字音中又有不同讀法，這些讀法本質上也還是諧聲關係。

When working with excavated documents, we should begin with the presupposition that we have no knowledge of Old Chinese in order to recover the phonological system therein. This paper discusses how to link phonetic elements and identify Old Chinese rhyme categories based solely on excavated texts.
In Warring States period writing, a single word often has many variant forms, some of which make use of characters with different phonetic elements that are conventionally called“loangraphs”假借. Since these characters with different phonetic elements represent the same word, we need not think that other characters are being borrowed to replace the orthograph. Phonetically, the orthograph and the loangraph have the same relationship as two characters in the same xiesheng諧聲(phonetic series). This approach requires the reconceptualization of the notion of xiesheng so as to encompass and replace the notion of orthographs and loangraphs.
If we push the concept of xiesheng to its limits, then the notion of a phonetic series can be used to not only link characters with the same phonetic elements and different pronunciations, but also connect all the phonetic elements used to represent a word. For Warring States Old Chinese, we could reconceptualize the principle that“characters sharing the same phonetic elements must belong to the same rhyme group”as“all the phonetic elements used for a word must belong to the same rhyme group.”Based on this principle, we can try to link different phonetic elements into the same rhyme group using only materials from Warring States manuscripts.
Traditional categories for the characterizations of the phonetic relationship between characters, such as xiesheng, loangraphs, alternative pronunciations,“read as,”sound glosses, etc., can all be reconceptualized as different forms of phonetic series. More generally, the various ways in which a single word is pronounced in modern Chinese dialects and in foreign Sinoxenic dialects can even be linked together as a phonetic series.