「做女人的資格」──跨性別女性運動員參賽資格規範芻議

“Qualifications of being a woman”- A preliminary discussion of the regulation on trans-women athletes in sports

本文探討2022年11月公布的「跨性別(transgender)學生運動員參與112年全國中等學校運動會試辦實施計畫」及「跨性別(transgender)學生運動員參與112年全國大專校院運動會試辦實施計畫」規定之適切性，並反思制定相關參賽規則時可留意的觀點。本文從國際奧會的相關規定變化以及臺灣針對跨性別的醫療診斷進行整理及分析，並探討限制跨性別女性依照其性別認同參與賽事的可能原因。此外，運動女性應有的形象、能力及條件也被參賽資格所塑造，致使運動競賽將跨性別女性運動員及雙性人運動員視為異常，賽事透過層層檢查與確認的程序，達成定義與監控女性的目的。結論上，本文認為全大運及全中運相關規則中，有部分規範尚待釐清，此外，以生理條件之平等性考量作為分組標準時，可能會忽略種種社會結構因素，造成另類社會結構傾斜，並加深社會及運動場域的二元性別秩序，而排擠處在不同情境脈絡下的偏離主流的女性投入運動的機會，這些都是規則制定者必須考量的可能風險。最後，本文建議未來相關規則制定與評估之時，應思考規則制定所能賦予不同性別群體的公平參與機會，協助非二元性別族群得以拓增賽事參與機會。

This article discusses the justification of the“Implementation Plan for Transgender Student Athletes in the 112th National Middle School Athletic Games”and the“Implementation Plan for Transgender Student Athletes in the 112th National University and College Athletic Games,”which both announced in November 2022. It also reflects on the perspectives to consider when formulating relevant competition rules. This study examines the changes in the International Olympic Committee's related regulations and the medical diagnoses concerning transgender individuals in Taiwan. Also, it analyzes the reasons behind restricting transgender women from participating in sports based on their gender identity. In conclusion, the article finds that several parts of the rules regarding the National College Games and National Secondary School Games are worth revisiting. Furthermore, it is observed that the image, abilities, and conditions expected of female athletes are shaped by eligibility criteria, leading to the classification of transgender women athletes and intersex athletes as anomalies. Through a process of scrutiny and confirmation, competitions aim to define and monitor women, even rejecting those who do not meet the criteria for ''female.'' The article discovers that when physiological conditions are used as grouping criteria, considerations of social structural factors may be overlooked, resulting in skewed alternative social structures and the reinforcement of a binary gender order in society and sports domains. This may exclude opportunities for non-mainstream women to participate in sports in different contextual settings, and these are potential risks that rule-makers must consider. Finally, the article suggests that future rule-making and evaluation should consider the fair participation opportunities that rules can provide for different gender groups and assist non-binary gender communities in expanding their participation in sports.