聽覺刺激對身體動作控制和運動能力之探討應用

Discussion on the application of auditory stimulation to motor control and sport ability

聲音對於人體的影響一直是無形卻又不容忽視的，古代戰時的鼓聲亦是透過聲音或節律影響運動能力或精神士氣的古證，時至今日，以音樂帶動身體活動已蔚為現代運動族群的時髦風潮。聽覺刺激更已普遍使用於帕金森氏症患者、特殊族群運動機能重建上。近年研究指出，高齡族群聽力每損失10dB，跌倒機率相較於無聽力損失之老者增加近1.4倍。由此可知，身體動作控制除了視覺輔助與本體感覺之外，聽覺系統在身體動作控制層面上佔有不可或缺之重要席位。聽覺上的差異可能透過影響身體動作控制進而改變運動能力。過去研究已針對不同頻率、位置、移動方向、播放方式的聽覺刺激進行測試，並以不同族群受試者進行探討。本文就聽覺刺激的神經影響途徑、聽覺刺激與身體動作控制以及不同性質音樂對於運動能力，如：最大肌力、步行速度等進行探討，目的是將複雜的聽覺刺激介入以性質分門別類並加以釐清對身體控制與運動能力的效果。為此發現隔絕聲音可能使年長者在步態上受益，聲音頻率高低改變了人體站姿重心移動幅度，離散節奏有助於特殊個案的步態重建甚至有益於上肢動作準確性。以音樂形式的聽覺刺激對於運動族群應用甚廣，尤其快節奏音樂會增加運動族群的運動能力，而慢節奏音樂可增加動作品質與疲勞恢復速度。期望未來研究能以節奏以外之聽覺刺激進行介入，藉此探討不同聽覺刺激對於人體運動之間的關聯性，俾利後續人們能以非接觸性的聽覺刺激針對運動有著更多應用。

The impact of sound on the human body is not only intangible but also cannot be ignored. In ancient times, the sound of war drums was used to influence physical ability or morale through sound or rhythm, and today, using music to drive physical activity has become a fashionable trend among modern exercise groups. Auditory stimulation has also been widely used in the reconstruction of movement abilities in patients with Parkinson's disease and special populations. Recent research has shown that for the elderly population, every 10 dB of hearing loss increases the risk of falling by nearly 1.4 times compared to those without hearing loss. This suggests that in addition to visual assistance and proprioception, the auditory system occupies an essential position in body movement control. Differences in hearing may affect body movement control and thus alter physical abilities. Previous studies have tested auditory stimuli of different frequencies, positions, directions of movement, and playback methods and discussed them with different types of test subjects. This article discusses the neural pathways of auditory stimulation, the relationship between auditory stimulation and body movement control, and the effects of different types of music on physical abilities such as maximum muscle strength and walking speed. The aim is to clarify the effects of complex auditory stimulation by categorizing them accordingly. Therefore, it has been discovered that isolating sound may benefit the elderly in gait, that the frequency of sound can affect the extent of the body's center of gravity movement in standing posture, and that discrete rhythms can help with gait reconstruction in special cases and even improve upper limb movement accuracy. Auditory stimulation in the form of music is widely used in exercise groups, especially fast-paced music, which increases their physical abilities, while slow-paced music improves movement quality and fatigue recovery. It is hoped that future research can intervene with auditory stimulation beyond rhythm to explore the correlation between different types of auditory stimulation and human movement, enabling people to use non-contact auditory stimulation for more applications in exercise.