2022年行政法回顧

A Review of the Administrative Law in 2022

2022年行政法之回顧，可循行政法原理原則、行政組織法、行政作用法與行政救濟法四大傳統面向進行評析。
在行政法原理原則方面，憲法法庭裁判對於法律保留原則，尤其是憲法法庭111年憲判字第19號判決，對於全民健康保險法上停保與續保制度，要求重要性法律保留，值得肯定。
在行政組織法上，農田水利會改隸成行政機關（農田水利署），涉及憲法法庭111年憲判字第14號判決，肯認立法者之衡酌權限，惟漏未檢討原會員之集會結社權是否受侵害？甚為可惜。其次，在中央與地方權限劃分之萊劑殘留標準案（憲法法庭111年憲判字第6號判決），並未明文承認中央與地方共享權限，反而肯認「法律先占理論」，似有法治倒退嫌疑。
在行政作用法上，由於警察措施常含有行政與司法（偵查）雙重作用，尤其在酒測驗血、取尿措施上，尤其如此。可惜憲法法庭111年憲判字第1號及第16號判決，均只認其司法行為性質，致錯失雙重定性之論證。
在行政救濟法上，以2022年8月15日修正施行之行政訴訟法重大變革最值得矚目，惟其未能下放所有通常案件於第一審行政法院，致其目標「金字塔型訴訟制度」恐難達成。

Regarding the development of administrative law in 2022, one can analyze and review it based on four traditional aspects: principles of administrative law, administrative organization law, administrative action law, and administrative remedies law.
In terms of principles of administrative law:
Regarding the Principle of Legal Reservation, the Constitutional Court, particularly the Judgement No. 19 in 2022, recognized the application of the principle of legal reservation to the suspension and continuation system of the National Health Insurance Act. This interpretation is commendable.
In terms of administrative organization law:
The reorganization of the Farmland Irrigation Associations into an administrative agency (the Farmland Irrigation Bureau) raises constitutional issues addressed in the Judgement No. 14 in 2022. The Constitutional Court acknowledged the authority of the legislature but neglected the issue, if the assembly and association rights of the original members of the Farmland Irrigation Associations were violated? This omission is regrettable. In the case of standards for pesticide residues in the division of powers between the central and local governments (the Judgement No. 6 in 2022), the Constitutional Court did not recognize the possibility of the central and local governments sharing powers, instead acknowledging the“Legal Preemption Theory”. This raises suspicions of a“regression of the rule of law”.
In terms of administrative action law:
Due to the dual nature of administrative and judicial (investigative) actions in police measures, particularly in measures such as breath tests, blood tests, and urine tests, the Judgement No. 1 and No. 16 in 2022 only recognized the judicial nature of police measures, missing the opportunity to provide a dual classification for these police measures.
In terms of Administrative Remedies Act:
The most notable aspect is the amendment to the Administrative Litigation Act, which came into effect on August 15, 2022. However, the content of the amendment does not assign all general cases to the administrative courts of first instance, potentially making it difficult to achieve the goal of a“pyramidal litigation system”.