返家，落土了？紮得出新芽？嘉義海線青年移鄉者的考察

Coming Home, Settling Down, and Sprouting Hope? Experiences of Youth Resettlement Back to Rural Coastal Chiayi

本文以「移鄉行動」與移鄉後「生命形式佈建」為軸，理解「就學－就業階段」移居劣勢鄉村（東石鄉）的青年生活經驗。移動是當前生命階段下處境要務的「時－空」反思與實作，體現城－鄉關係間機會的空間結構，並繪製以生命歷程為時間軸的空間關係圖。圍繞就學、就業與提前孝親照顧的生命階段，勾勒退至「避風港」、成就「拚家業」、與安心「看照顧」三種「移鄉行動」。
「生命形式佈建」凸顯負面鄉村的再現、實現生命任務的機會的空間結構不均傾斜於都市，以及日益嚴峻的教育或就業競爭環境，讓移居鄉村不代表「恆久駐鄉」，而是「階段式外延」。孩子在教育過程中的「求學式脫節」，也將少子化現象轉為「更少學生化」，體現「教育不均擴大」。
最後，本文建議再思考「青年移鄉」與劣勢鄉村關係，針對（1）鄉村面臨的劣勢再現，以及（2）重探青年的生命任務與處境要務，並提供市場或公共服務，以平衡／拉近城鄉間的物質基礎與社會關係，最後反省「新自由主體」下合宜人類的生活樣貌。

This article aims to understand young people’s life experiences surrounding the actions of“relocation to the countryside”and the establishment of the form of life after relocating to disadvantage villages in Tongshi Township, Chiayi County, during the education and initial employment stages of life courses. Seeing relocation as a“temporal-spatial”reflection and the implementation of the priorities under young people’s current life stage, we examine relocation as embodiment of the temporal-spatial structure of opportunities presented by urban-rural relations, and attempt to map out the timeline and spatial structure of the relations between individuals in their life courses. Furthermore, we outlined three facets of the actions of“relocation to the countryside:”“retreating to a safe haven,”“actively accumulating family wealth,”and“taking care of the elderly”.
For establishing forms of life, the villages examined are particularly disadvantaged when compared with urban areas using modernity as benchmark. Opportunities that allow one to reach life goals tilt toward urban areas, and environments for educational or occupational competition have become increasingly tough. Consequently, moving to the countryside does not necessarily mean young people will permanently reside in the countryside. Instead, they will move to other townships for the sake of fulfilling other life goals. Thus, it is better understood as an“interim relay station”in young people’s blueprint for the future stages of life. Children’s lack of adequate schooling poses a particularly visible phenomenon under declining birth rates, which, in turn, leads to even worse schooling in the countryside and widening educational inequality.
This article proposes to reconsider the relationship between“young people’s relocation to the countryside”and disadvantaged villages from two viewpoints: 1. Reexamining the disadvantages of villages; 2. reinvestigating young people’s life tasks and current priorities and providing corresponding market or public services to close the gap between the material basis and social relationships afforded by urban and rural areas. This may lead to further reconsideration of human conditions under the neoliberal orders.