政治託喻與禽鳥詩─以元和詩人之貶謫創作為探究中心

Political metaphor and birds in the poetry―an analysis of creation of the banished poets of Yuan-He

以禽鳥設喻，運用比興的手法來表達政治託喻，是本文所謂的「禽鳥詩」，又可稱為以禽鳥為表現對象的「比體詩」。此類詩歌在中唐貞元末期至元和年間，頻繁出現於韓愈、劉禹錫、白居易、元稹、柳宗元的作品。值得注意的是，貞元二十一年永貞事件、元和五年的元稹貶江陵、元和十年白居易貶江州，恰巧將這五位元和詩人的禽鳥詩作與貶謫際遇聯繫在一起。他們或共同創作寓有政治內涵的禽鳥詩，或自覺地以禽鳥反映自身政治感懷。以韓愈、劉禹錫、柳宗元為例，即使政治立場不同，卻均以禽鳥作為「永貞事件」的政治託喻。元稹與白居易在元和初期即以禽鳥詩託喻情志，歷經政治挫折與貶謫後，兩人更以唱和方式創作一系列以禽鳥為比興，託喻個人政治處境的作品。這些以政治託喻為主的禽鳥詩，有兩項值得注意的開拓性成就，其一是代表「喻事」類「比體詩」的成熟，詩人駕馭更複雜多變的敘述手法，使詩歌的主題內涵不侷限在主體情志，而是反映現實中的政治事件。禽鳥也不再只是詠物或感興的對象，而是具體人事的託喻。其次是因應著政治上的激憤情感，非常強調禽鳥之惡與怪，代表著對於詠物傳統的發展變化。

Birds have been widely portrayed in Chinese poetry since Shi Jing(《詩經》) and Li Sao(《離騷》). But in later, birds often were the object which the poet describes. During the Yuan-He period in the Tang dynasty, faced with new political chances and challenges. Most poets of Yuan-He engaged in major political events, and consequently often subjected themselves to the agonizing experience of being banished. Among the most important and influential poets were Han Yu(韓愈), Liu Zongyuan(柳宗元), Liu Yuxi(劉禹錫), Bai Juyi(白居易), Yuan Zhen (元稹). At the time, the agony of exile and the hope of reconstructing the history of the nation became the two underlining themes in the bird pieces of the disgraced poets. Their readers should give consideration to certain corresponding political and historical events to understand the innovation and change. Poets tactfully combine allegorist techniques and their political standing. So that the birds in the poetry serve not only as the object of descriptions of objects, but also as a reflection of the poet's creation and his political standing. The author presented a structure of metaphor. The evilness and ferociousness of bad birds are particularly emphasized to signify that of the enemies in political competition, and the technique that skillfully reflected the contemporary situation of the politic. Bird in the poetry of Yuan-He period carries a distinctive quality of strange in its style by the form and connotation which characterized by innovation and change.