以環境熱舒適探討不同容積量下之都市空間及環境行為調適

Discussion on the Urban Space and Environmental Behavior Adjustment under Different Floor Area Ratio by Environmental Thermal Comfort

近年來，臺灣都市一直存在著老舊地區窳陋、公共安全疑慮或居住品質惡化等問題，並且日益嚴重，而政府於1998年11月通過「都市更新條例」開始重視都市更新等問題，於2017年發布「都市危險及老舊建築物加速重建條例（以下簡稱危老條例）」，其中「容積獎勵」中建築高度的增減、法定退縮及騎樓退縮等訂定，造成都市街廓之建築型態改變，尤其透過「危老條例」所重建之基地，多為小基地且於窄巷之內，缺乏都市計畫之整體考量，建物雖透過都市更新之手段能達成重建、整建及維護之目的，但對於整體環境之綜合品質較難掌握且具有較高之不確定性，尤其微氣候之調整。故本研究藉由計算流體力學與觀察法進行微氣候模擬與環境行為分析，針對不同容積獎勵下街區峽谷因建築量體高度與街道寬度之變化，分析其與熱舒適與環境行為之對應關係。研究結果發現，影響住宅區之微氣候，主要因素為基地開放空間大小、建築強度與配置，依建築容積退縮後，開放空間範圍較大且位於兩面臨路之配置，其PET數值偏低，較為舒適，利於使用者從事多項活動；建蔽率越小且容積率強度越高之基地，測點熱舒適值偏低；建蔽率越大且容積率強度越低之基地，則反之；開放空間之位置與尺度亦影響步行舒適度，調整建築高度與開放空間之比例，能增加風場之對流、降低空氣溫度與環境熱舒適。同時，環境行為模式顯示，各基地開放空間之步行環境皆具有高溫化現象，且戶外熱環境與使用者調適行為成正相關，人們易因生理上之舒適度與心理之適應性，產生不同調適行為之模式。

In recent years, cities in Taiwan have been facing various problems, including shabby conditions in old areas, public safety concerns, and a decline in living quality. These problems have become increasingly serious. To address these issues, the government passed the“Urban Renewal Regulations”in November 1998, focusing on urban renewal. In 2011, the“Regulations of Statute for Expediting Reconstruction of Urban Unsafe and Old Buildings”were introduced, bringing changes to the architectural forms of urban street outlines, such as building height adjustments and the legal retreat of arcades in the“bulk reward”system. However, most of the rebuilt bases under these regulations are small and located in narrow alleys, lacking consideration for overall urban planning. While these methods achieve the purpose of reconstruction, renovation, and maintenance, they struggle to ensure the overall environmental quality and entail high uncertainty, particularly in microclimate adjustments. Therefore, this study utilizes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and observations to simulate microclimates and analyze environmental behavior. It examines the relationship between thermal comfort and environmental behavior in block canyons affected by changes in building height and street width under various bulk rewards. Results reveal that the size of the base's open space, building strength, and layout significantly impact the microclimate of residential areas. By retreating building volume, the open space increases, resulting in lower PET values and improved comfort for users, enabling multiple activities. Bases with smaller building coverage ratios and higher floor area ratios exhibit lower thermal comfort values, while those with larger building coverage ratios and lower floor area ratios offer higher thermal comfort. Open space location and scale also influence walking comfort. Adjusting building height and open space ratio enhances wind convection, reduces air temperature, and improves thermal comfort. Additionally, environmental behavior patterns demonstrate that the open space walking environment experiences high temperatures and is correlated with user adjustment behaviors. People exhibit different adjustment behavior modes based on their physical comfort and psychological adaptability.