清代六種文帝類全書的出版史研究

A Historical Investigation into the Publication in the Qing Dynasty of the Wenchang Canons in Six Varieties

本文主要從出版史研究的角度，考察作者從中、日、美、歐各地的公共圖書館及大學中所收集到的不同版本文帝類全書，並且整理出相應的版本流傳過程，相當程度上彌補了清代文帝信仰之文獻學研究的空白。《文帝全書》是清代影響最大的文昌帝君信仰相關合集。它成書於乾隆初，在有清一代重編、重刊不下十次，地點遍佈多個行省，並且衍生出了諸如《文帝書鈔》、《文昌聖典》和《文昌帝君全書》等一系列文昌文本的合集。本文也將指出，文帝類全書意圖構建「儒教正宗」的特殊歷史現象，反映清代信奉文昌帝君的儒生士人一方面試圖通過儒教觀念擴充文帝信仰的內涵，另一方面也試圖通過文帝信仰相關的扶乩活動和實踐重塑他們心目中的儒教。這一動態過程有別於經學傳統中的儒教，但同樣是構成帝制晚期中國宗教光譜的重要一環。

This article examines through the lens of publishing history existent editions of the Wendi quanshu (the Complete Works of the Divine Lord of Wenchang) housed in public libraries and universities in China, Japan, the United States, and the EU. To some extent, my objective is to fill the gap in the philological studies of the Wenchang cult in the Qing dynasty. The Wendi quanshu is a compilation concerning the Wenchang cult that held sway in the Qing dynasty. First composed in the early Qianlong reign, the compilation was subsequently recompiled and republished more than ten times in many provinces throughout the Qing dynasty. Examples of anthologies or compilations of Wenchang texts subsequently published include the Wendi shuchao (Anthology of Divine Lord of Wenchang), the Wenchang shengdian (Sacred Scripture of Wenchang), and the Wenchang dijun quanshu (the Complete Works of the Divine Lord of Wenchang). The article also points to a unique historical phenomenon, i.e. an attempt at establishing “Orthodox Confucianism” through interpretation of Wendi-related compilations. The objective is twofold. Namely, Confucian scholars in the Qing dynasty worshiping Wenchang substantiated the Wenchang cult incorporating it into Confucius teachings. In the same spirit, they revamped Confucius teachings by adopting Wenchang spirit-writing practices. Their effort resulted in practices that are different from mainstream Confucianism, and such practices constituted an integral part to the religious spectrums in the final phase of China’s imperial regime.