畲民之間：帝國晚期中國東南山區的國家治理與族群分類

Becoming the She People: Governance and Ethnicity Categorization in the Southeastern Mountains during the Late Imperial China

以往畲族史研究多認定畲族有綿長不斷的歷史，以畲族的族源和遷徙歷程為研究焦點。本文從山區治理與人群關係探討中國東南山區「畲」這個人群類別的歷史變化。南宋末年人口向南方山區移入，在閩粵邊界開始用「畲」這個詞來指涉一群在山區不受國家統治、刀耕火種的山民。這個類別從元代開始擴大到整個東南山區，成為山民與逋民的泛稱。在晚明的主流文獻中，「畲」與盤瓠子孫、分姓內婚這兩項特質開始緊密相連，成為以血緣、文化作為劃分基礎的「族類」，由統治的類別變為族群的類別。將山民與逋民劃分開來與福建的山區管理政策相關。到了清初，閩東浙南與福建其他地區採取了不同統治策略，以畲保、畲總等組織讓畲人自理，以免畲民與其他流民串聯造成動亂。制度上的區分讓「畲」這個人群類別在閩東浙南維持下來，且在清代中晚期的資源競爭下更加強化。閩東浙南穩定的畲民邊界成為日後官員與研究者認識畲族的基礎，以及當代畲族人群認同的依憑。

The mainstream ethnohistory regards the She people as an ethnic minority with a long history, focusing mostly on their origins and migration routes. This article trots a different route by examining the historical changes of the She as an ethnic category from the perspective of mountain governance and social relationships. Against the backdrop of population influx in the southern mountains during the final years of the Southern Song, the term “She” was beginning to be used along the Fujian and Guangdong borders to refer to a group of mountain people who adopted the slashandburn farming method and were not governed by the state. Since the Yuan, the usage had expanded to include rebels in the southeastern mountains, becoming synonymous with mountain people and fugitives. According to mainstream literatures of the late Ming, the She people began to be closely associated with two attributes, namely “descendants from Panhu” and “marrying within several clans.” Categorically, the She gradually became associated more with biological and cultural implications. The demarcation of mountain people from fugitives was the result of official policies governing southeastern mountains. During the early Qing, local governments began adopting different household registrations in different regions. Accordingly, demarcation between the She and nonShe was intentionally kept in northeastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang by allowing the former to self-govern themselves through untaxed units. This was implemented to prevent civil disorder caused by the two sides joining forces. As to the other parts of Fujian, unregistered mountain residents were gradually included in official registration system. This demarcation allowed the She people in said regions to sustain as an ethnic category, which became more pronounced amid intensifying competition against local residents for limited cultural and political resources from mid to late Qing. The stabilized She and non-She demarcation in northeastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang subsequently became the foundation for understanding the She people for officials and researchers. It also served as the basis for the She people to identify themselves as an ethnic group.