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篇名
道法與宗法:明代正一道張天師家族的演變
並列篇名
Daoist System and Patriarchal Clan System: The Evolution of the Zhang Heavenly Master Clan in the Ming Dynasty
作者 曾龍生
中文摘要
明代正一道張天師家族的演變,受到了道法與宗法的雙重影響。宋元時期,張天師家族主要通過祖師譜系(道法)來進行家族建構。明洪武年間,四十三代天師張宇初試圖把宗法制度引入天師家族,以實現敬宗收族的宗族建構。由他主持初修的天師家族族譜,把祖師譜系擴展為祖先譜系,建立了包容族內不同房派的譜系結構。然而,張宇初的宗族建構實踐難以為繼。明正統至成化年間,張天師家族內部相繼發生了兩次天師位爭奪事件,促使天師繼承制度從兄終弟及制轉變為嫡長子繼承制。這引發了張天師家族內部的分裂,致使其從正統至嘉靖年間都未能聯合進行家族建構。至隆慶年間,由於皇權庇護的喪失,張天師在文官集團的彈劾下,從正一真人(正二品)降職為上清宮提點(正六品)。為了防止年幼的天師受到族人的欺凌,天師的母親才迅即主持重修族譜,以期重新修復家族內部的關係。但由於族譜編修間隔期過長,在兩次天師位爭奪中失敗的家族成員又在此期間被迫大量外遷,致使張天師家族已難以建構出完整的祖先譜系。明代張天師家族的演變表明,我們對於道士家族和世襲特權家族的研究,必須重點考慮道法或宗法對該家族發展的影響,由此才能揭示出道士家族和世襲特權家族演變的脈絡和機制,也由此才能打通家族史和道教史、政治史的研究。
英文摘要
The evolution of the Zhang Heavenly Master clan of the Zhengyi Order in the Ming dynasty was influenced both by the Daoist and the patriarchal clan systems. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, following the Daoist system, the Zhang Heavenly Master clan genealogy mainly covered the list of Zhang Heavenly Masters. At the beginning of the Ming, Zhang Yuchu, the forty-third Heavenly Master, complied a genealogy according to clan system principles, extending it to include all ancestors of the Zhang Heavenly Master clan, divided into different branches. However, this construction of the Zhang Heavenly Master clan was unsustainable. The clan faced internal struggles over succession to the position of Heavenly Master twice during the middle and second half of the fifteenth century, ultimately leading to a change from “younger brother succeeding after the older brother’s death” to succession by the lineal eldest sons. This change brought the Zhang Heavenly Master clan into a crisis. During the Longqing reign period (1567-1572), with the loss of the emperor’s favor, civil officials downgraded the status of the Zhang Heavenly Master, from official rank 2 to rank 6. The mother of the newlytitled young Zhang Heavenly Master quickly patched up the relationship between the Zhang Heavenly Master and his clansmen by compiling a new genealogy, which was incomplete. The evolution of the Zhang Heavenly Master clan in the Ming dynasty shows that we must consider the influence of the Daoist system on the evolution of hereditary Daoist priest clans and the influence of the patriarchal clan system on the evolution of clans with hereditary privileges. Then we can understand the contexts and mechanisms of the evolution of these two clan types, and better combine the study of the history of clans, Daoism and politics.
起訖頁 711-753
關鍵詞 張天師家族道法宗法天師繼承制度正一道the Zhang Heavenly Master clanDaoist systempatriarchal clan systemthe succession system of the Heavenly MastersZhengyi Order
刊名 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊  
期數 201812 (89:4期)
出版單位 中央研究院歷史語言研究所
該期刊-上一篇 平措林寺六體六字真言碑與蒙元真言碑源流
 

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